expl: expletive
Note that currenlty expletives are not annotated consistently in the French treebank.
FrenchSpoken does not use the explrelation. The current definition sates that the explrelation should be used for “nominals that appear in an argument position of a predicate but which do not themselves satisfy any of the semantic roles of the predicate” (see the universal dependency page u-dep/expl). This definition seems to give more value to the semantic relations than to the syntactic relations.
That is why FrenchSpoken only uses expl as a subrelation for impersonal constructions. All other arguments (whether they satisfy a semantic role of the predicate or not) will be annotated with the usual syntactic dependency relations (nsubj, obj etc.). For further information see this discussion.
FrenchSpoken thus uses the nsubj:expl relation for impersonal constructions such as:
il est arrivé un malheur \n something bad happened
nsubj:expl(arrivé, il)
nsubj:quasi(arrivé, malheur)
N.B.: there are also two other types of subrelation nsubj:quasi and csubj:quasi. These subrelations are both used for the other dependent of the predicate that has a nsubj:expl.
For pronominal verbs, the usual relations for core arguments are used.
se douter \n to suspect
obj(douter, se)
il se souvient \n he remembers
obj(souvient, se)
N.B.: Here the pronoun is not an expletive but a part of a fixed verbal expression that is syntactically regular.
In a-t-elle bien dormi ?, we consider the euphony marker t in a-t-elle as part as of the pronoun elle. This gives us an allomorphic form -t-elle of the pronoun elle.
Due to the tokenizing choices we made (see the tokenization page), a-t-elle is split in five tokens: a, -, t, - and elle.
The first hyphen is the head (i.e. it receives the link nsubj) and the other tokens are linked with a goeswith:
a - t - elle bien dormi ? \n did she sleep well?
nsubj(a,-)
goeswith(-,t)
goeswith(--2,--4)
goeswith(-,elle)
N.B.: This segmentating and tokenizing choice is arbitrary and other French treebanks could choose to do otherwise (for example they could consider a-t- or -t-elle as a token, or annotate the -t- with expl).
In some corpora of the French treebank, doubled subjects in interrogativ sentences are annotated with expl :
Marie est -elle là ? \n Is Marie here?
nsubj(est, Marie)
expl(est, -elle)
FrenchSpoken annotates the two subjects with nsubj (and follows these tokenizing rules):
Marie est - elle là ? \n Is Marie here?
nsubj(est, Marie)
goeswith(-,elle)
nsubj(est, -)
Treebank Statistics (UD_French)
This relation is universal.
1331 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as expl.
1250 instances of expl (94%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.29902329075883.
The following 22 pairs of parts of speech are connected with expl: fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PRON (908; 68% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/PART (236; 18% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/PRON (51; 4% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/SCONJ (41; 3% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/ADP (24; 2% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PRON (15; 1% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADP (11; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/PRON (10; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/ADP (8; 1% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/SCONJ (6; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/SCONJ (5; 0% instances), fr-pos/AUX-fr-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADP (3; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/NUM-fr-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
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1 Puis puis ADV _ _ 5 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
3 ils il PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ _
4 se se PRON _ Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 expl _ _
5 serrent serrer VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
6 la le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 7 det _ _
7 main main NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 obj _ _
8 et et CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ _
9 le le DET _ Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 10 det _ _
10 médecin médecin NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _
11 déclare déclarer VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _
12 : : PUNCT _ _ 11 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Va aller VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 -t t PART _ _ 3 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
3 -il il PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 1 nsubj _ _
4 se se PRON _ Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 obj _ _
5 circonscrire circonscrire VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 1 xcomp _ _
6 à à ADP _ _ 9 case _ _
7 cette ce DET _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 9 det _ _
8 seule seul ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 matière matière NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 obl _ _
10 ? ? PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Qu' que PRON _ _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
2 est être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
3 -ce ce PRON _ Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Dem 1 expl _ _
4 qui qui PRON _ _ 3 fixed _ _
5 va aller AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _
6 augmenter augmenter VERB _ VerbForm=Inf 3 acl:relcl _ _
7 ? ? PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-ParTUT)
This relation is universal.
119 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as expl.
114 instances of expl (96%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.69747899159664.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with expl: fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PRON (86; 72% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/PRON (14; 12% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/ADP (7; 6% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/SCONJ (5; 4% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PRON (3; 3% instances), fr-pos/AUX-fr-pos/PRON (1; 1% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/ADP (1; 1% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/PRON (1; 1% instances), fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/DET (1; 1% instances).
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1 Quel quel PRON PQ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 0 root _ _
2 est être AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 cop _ _
3 l' le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 4 det _ SpaceAfter=No
4 âge âge NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
5 minimal minimal ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
6 requis requérir VERB V Gender=Masc|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 4 acl _ _
7 pour pour ADP E _ 9 mark _ _
8 s' si PRON P Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
9 inscrire inscrire VERB V VerbForm=Inf 6 advcl _ _
10 à à ADP E _ 11 case _ _
11 Facebook Facebook PROPN SP _ 9 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 ? ? PUNCT FS _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Considérant considérer VERB V VerbForm=Ger 0 root _ _
2 qu' que SCONJ CS _ 5 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
3 il il PRON PE Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 5 expl _ _
4 est être AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
5 essentiel essentiel ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 ccomp _ _
6 d' de ADP E _ 7 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
7 encourager encourager VERB V VerbForm=Inf 5 csubj _ _
8 le le DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 développement développement NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 obj _ _
10 de de ADP E _ 11 case _ _
11 relations relation NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 9 nmod _ _
12 amicales amical ADJ A Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 11 amod _ _
13 entre entre ADP E _ 14 case _ _
14 nations nation NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
15 . . PUNCT FS _ 1 punct _ _
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1 Pour pour ADP E _ 2 mark _ _
2 terminer terminer VERB V VerbForm=Inf 6 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT FF _ 2 punct _ _
4 je je PRON PE Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 6 nsubj _ _
5 voudrais vouloir AUX VM Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _
6 dire dire VERB V VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _
7 qu' que SCONJ CS _ 10 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
8 il il PRON PE Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 expl _ _
9 est être AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop _ _
10 nécessaire nécessaire ADJ A Number=Sing 6 ccomp _ _
11 d' de ADP E _ 12 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 aborder aborder VERB V VerbForm=Inf 10 csubj _ _
13 la le DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 14 det _ _
14 sécurité sécurité NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 12 obj _ _
15 de de ADP E _ 18 case _ _
16 tous tout DET T Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Tot 18 det _ _
17 les le DET RD Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 18 det _ _
18 types type NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 14 nmod _ _
19 de de ADP E _ 20 case _ _
20 transport transport NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
21 . . PUNCT FS _ 6 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_French-Sequoia)
This relation is universal.
289 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as expl.
287 instances of expl (99%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.33910034602076.
The following 6 pairs of parts of speech are connected with expl: fr-pos/VERB-fr-pos/PRON (271; 94% instances), fr-pos/ADJ-fr-pos/PRON (9; 3% instances), fr-pos/PRON-fr-pos/PART (5; 2% instances), fr-pos/NOUN-fr-pos/PRON (2; 1% instances), fr-pos/ADV-fr-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), fr-pos/PROPN-fr-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
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1 L' le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ SpaceAfter=No
2 EBM EBM PROPN _ Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
3 s' le/lui PRON _ Person=3|Reflex=Yes 4 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
4 inclina incliner VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
5 devant devant ADP _ _ 6 case _ _
6 Joeuf Joeuf PROPN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ _
7 par par ADP _ _ 8 case _ _
8 70-61 70-61 NOUN _ NumType=Card 4 obl _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ _
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1 Angiox Angiox PROPN _ _ 6 nsubj _ _
2 s' le/lui PRON _ Person=3|Reflex=Yes 6 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
3 est être AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux _ _
4 avéré avérer AUX _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 6 cop _ _
5 aussi aussi ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ _
6 efficace efficace ADJ _ Number=Sing 0 root _ _
7 que que SCONJ _ _ 9 mark _ _
8 les le DET _ Definite=Def|Number=Plur|PronType=Art 9 det _ _
9 traitements traitement NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 6 dep _ _
10 à à ADP _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3 11 case _ _
11 lesquels lequel PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 15 obl _ _
12 il il PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 15 nsubj:pass _ _
13 a avoir AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 aux _ _
14 été être AUX _ Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 15 aux:pass _ _
15 comparé comparer VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 acl:relcl _ SpaceAfter=No
16 . . PUNCT _ _ 6 punct _ _
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1 Pourquoi pourquoi ADV _ PronType=Int 7 advmod _ _
2 Angiox Angiox PROPN _ _ 7 nsubj:pass _ _
3 a avoir AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
4 -t t PART _ _ 5 expl _ SpaceAfter=No
5 -il il PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 7 expl _ _
6 été être AUX _ Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 7 aux:pass _ _
7 approuvé approuver VERB _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
8 ? ? PUNCT _ _ 7 punct _ _
expl in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]