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cop: copula

In Irish, there is a distinction between the substantive verb bí `to be’, which inflects for tense, mood and person as per all Irish verbs – and the copula is, which only has two tensed forms - present/future and past/conditional.

Bí, as a verb, uses separate particles in negative and interrogative constructions. Is (copula) uses its own forms in these constructions. For example:

• ba (conditional/ past - positive)
• ar (past/ interrogative - positive)
• nach (present/ future - interrogative/ negative)
• ní (present/ future - negative)

The order of elements in a copula construction is in general: copula, predicate (new or focussed information), and subject

cop is used to link the copula verb is and its predicate. See xcomp:pred to see how the verb bí is linked to a predicate.

Examples

equative construction

Is múinteoir é ‘He is a teacher’

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
Is múinteoir é \n is teacher him
cop(múinteoir, Is)
{
    "text": "Is múinteoir é \n is teacher him ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 12 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 13, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T5", "token", [ [ 17, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 27 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 28, 31 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

idiomatic expressions

Ba mhaith liom gan fanacht ‘I would like not to stay’

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Ba mhaith liom gan fanacht \n Be good with_me without staying
cop(mhaith, Ba)
{
    "text": "Ba mhaith liom gan fanacht \n Be good with_me without staying ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 10, 14 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 15, 18 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 19, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 29, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 32, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 37, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 45, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 53, 60 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

cleft constructions

Is iad a bheidh ina gcomhaltaí de na coistí sin ‘It is they who will be members of those committees’

edit

  

    
input
    
brat
    
info
  
Is iad a bheidh ina gcomhaltaí de na coistí sin \n Is they who will_be in_their members of the committees that
cop(iad,Is)
{
    "text": "Is iad a bheidh ina gcomhaltaí de na coistí sin \n Is they who will_be in_their members of the committees that ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T2", "token", [ [ 3, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T3", "token", [ [ 7, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T4", "token", [ [ 9, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T5", "token", [ [ 16, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T6", "token", [ [ 20, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T7", "token", [ [ 31, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 37, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 44, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 50, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T13", "token", [ [ 53, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T14", "token", [ [ 58, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T15", "token", [ [ 62, 69 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T16", "token", [ [ 70, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T17", "token", [ [ 79, 86 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T18", "token", [ [ 87, 89 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T19", "token", [ [ 90, 93 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T20", "token", [ [ 94, 104 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T21", "token", [ [ 105, 109 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

ownership constructions

An leatsa é? ‘Is it yours?’

An leatsa é ? \n Is with_you it ?
cop(leatsa, An)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)

This relation is universal.

210 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.

209 instances of cop (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 1.32380952380952.

The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: ADJ-AUX (81; 39% instances), NOUN-AUX (76; 36% instances), ADP-AUX (31; 15% instances), PRON-AUX (15; 7% instances), PROPN-AUX (3; 1% instances), ADV-AUX (2; 1% instances), VERB-AUX (1; 0% instances), X-AUX (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 1 cop	color:blue
1	Ar	is	AUX	Cop	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Cop	2	cop	_	_
2	mhaith	maith	ADJ	Adj	Degree=Pos|Form=Len	0	root	_	_
3	leat	le	ADP	Prep	Number=Sing|Person=2	2	obl:prep	_	_
4	teach	teach	NOUN	Noun	Case=NomAcc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
5	a	a	PART	Inf	PartType=Inf	6	mark	_	_
6	cheannach	ceannach	NOUN	Noun	Form=Len|VerbForm=Inf	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_

# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 4 cop	color:blue
1	Limistéar	limistéar	NOUN	Noun	Case=NomAcc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	na	na	DET	Art	Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Meánmhara	muir	NOUN	Noun	Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	1	compound	_	_
4	is	is	AUX	Cop	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Cop	5	cop	_	_
5	áit	áit	NOUN	Noun	Case=NomAcc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	1	ccomp	_	_
6	dúcháis	dúchas	NOUN	Noun	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
7	don	do	ADP	Art	Number=Sing|PronType=Art	9	case	_	_
8	Rós	Rós	PROPN	Noun	Case=NomAcc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	Mhuire	Muire	PROPN	Noun	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 1 cop	color:blue
1	Is	is	AUX	Cop	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Cop	2	cop	_	_
2	ag	ag	ADP	Simp	_	3	case	_	_
3	léamh	léamh	NOUN	Noun	VerbForm=Vnoun	0	root	_	_
4	an	an	DET	Art	Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	nuachtáin	nuachtán	NOUN	Noun	Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	a	a	PART	Vb	PartType=Vb|PronType=Rel	7	mark:prt	_	_
7	bhí	bí	VERB	PastInd	Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past	3	csubj:cleft	_	_
8	seisean	seisean	PRON	Pers	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_

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cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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