home zh/dep edit page issue tracker

This page pertains to UD version 2.

cop: copula

The cop relation is used exclusively for the word 是 / shì “be” primarily as a copula linked to the main predicate, which may often be a noun or adjective. The words 為 / wéi “be, be as” and 非 / fēi “not be” are also included if they are the only verb in a sentence and the latter is semantically equivalent to the opposite of 是 shì.

# visual-style 4 2 cop	color:blue
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
1	他	_	PRON	_	_	4	nsubj	_	3SG
2	是	_	VERB	_	_	4	cop	_	be
3	我	_	PRON	_	_	4	nmod	_	1SG
4	男朋友	_	NOUN	_	_	0	root	_	boyfriend

1	"He	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
2	is	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
3	my	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
4	boyfriend."	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_

If the complement of the copular verb is a clause, however, then the copular verb should be the head of the sentence with the clausal complement as a ccomp dependent.

1	原因	_	NOUN	_	_	2	nsubj	_	reason
2	是	_	VERB	_	_	0	root	_	be
3	他	_	PRON	_	_	5	nsubj	_	3SG
4	沒	_	AUX	_	_	5	aux	_	NEG.PERF
5	來	_	VERB	_	_	2	ccomp	_	come

1	"The	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
2	reason	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
3	is	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
4	he	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
5	didn't	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
6	come."	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_

For the cleft-like focus constructions with 是 and 是…的, see ccomp.


Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)

This relation is universal.

1613 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.

1612 instances of cop (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 5.13949163050217.

The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: zh-pos/NOUN-zh-pos/AUX (1047; 65% instances), zh-pos/PART-zh-pos/AUX (226; 14% instances), zh-pos/ADJ-zh-pos/AUX (172; 11% instances), zh-pos/NUM-zh-pos/AUX (89; 6% instances), zh-pos/PROPN-zh-pos/AUX (45; 3% instances), zh-pos/X-zh-pos/AUX (16; 1% instances), zh-pos/VERB-zh-pos/AUX (9; 1% instances), zh-pos/ADJ-zh-pos/ADJ (8; 0% instances), zh-pos/PRON-zh-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 7 cop	color:blue
1	大	大	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	多數	多數	ADJ	JJ	_	6	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	的	的	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	2	case:dec	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	加長	加長	VERB	VV	_	5	case:suff	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	型	型	PART	SFN	_	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	禮車	禮車	NOUN	NN	_	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	則是	則是	AUX	VC	_	11	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	租車	租車	NOUN	NN	_	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	公司	公司	NOUN	NN	_	11	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	的	的	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	9	case:dec	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	財產	財產	NOUN	NN	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 9 cop	color:blue
1	山上	山上	NOUN	NN	_	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	有	有	VERB	VV	_	18	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	一	一	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	座	座	NOUN	NNB	_	6	clf	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	小	小	PART	PFA	_	6	case:pref	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	亭	亭	NOUN	NN	_	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	名	名	NOUN	NN	_	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	為	為	AUX	VC	_	11	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	浴日	浴日	PROPN	NNP	_	11	case:suff	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	亭	亭	PART	SFN	_	18	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	是	是	AUX	VC	_	18	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	觀望	觀望	VERB	VV	_	18	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	海上	海上	NOUN	NN	_	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	日出	日出	NOUN	NN	_	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	之	之	PART	DEC	_	14	mark:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	地	地	NOUN	NN	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 7 cop	color:blue
1	北極	北極	PROPN	NNP	_	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	土著	土著	NOUN	NN	_	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	民族	民族	NOUN	NN	_	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	一直	一直	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	與	與	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	外界	外界	NOUN	NN	_	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	接觸	接觸	AUX	VV	_	8	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	甚少	甚少	ADJ	JJ	_	19	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	直到	直到	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	現代	現代	NOUN	NN	_	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	與	與	ADP	IN	_	17	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	其他	其他	DET	DT	_	15	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	地區	地區	NOUN	NN	_	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	的	的	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	13	case:dec	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	交流	交流	NOUN	NN	_	19	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	才	才	ADV	RB	_	19	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	開始	開始	VERB	VV	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	變	變	AUX	VV	_	22	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	得	得	PART	DEV	_	22	mark:comp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	頻繁	頻繁	ADJ	JJ	_	19	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No


cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]