cop

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This page pertains to UD version 2.

`cop`: copula

The cop relation is used exclusively for the word 是 / shì “be” primarily as a copula linked to the main predicate, which may often be a noun or adjective. The words 為 / wéi “be, be as” and 非 / fēi “not be” are also included if they are the only verb in a sentence and the latter is semantically equivalent to the opposite of 是 shì.



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
# visual-style 4 2 cop	color:blue
# visual-style 2	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
1	他	_	PRON	_	_	4	nsubj	_	3SG
2	是	_	VERB	_	_	4	cop	_	be
3	我	_	PRON	_	_	4	nmod	_	1SG
4	男朋友	_	NOUN	_	_	0	root	_	boyfriend

1	"He	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
2	is	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
3	my	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
4	boyfriend."	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T1", "PRON", [ [ 0, 1 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 2, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 4, 5 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "NOUN", [ [ 6, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T1", "_", [ [ 10, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T2", "_", [ [ 14, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T3", "_", [ [ 17, 19 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T4", "_", [ [ 20, 31 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R1", "cop", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R2", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R0", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R1", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R2", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R3", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T4" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-1-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: 3SG" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: be" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: 1SG" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: boyfriend" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "embedded-1-S1-T2", "cop" ], "color", "blue" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "fgColor", "white" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "bgColor", "blue" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "fgColor", "white" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "1", null ],
    "text": "他 是 我 男朋友\n\"He is my boyfriend.\"",
    "error": false
}

If the complement of the copular verb is a clause, however, then the copular verb should be the head of the sentence with the clausal complement as a ccomp dependent.



  
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    info
  
1	原因	_	NOUN	_	_	2	nsubj	_	reason
2	是	_	VERB	_	_	0	root	_	be
3	他	_	PRON	_	_	5	nsubj	_	3SG
4	沒	_	AUX	_	_	5	aux	_	NEG.PERF
5	來	_	VERB	_	_	2	ccomp	_	come

1	"The	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
2	reason	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
3	is	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
4	he	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
5	didn't	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
6	come."	_	_	_	_	0	_	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "NOUN", [ [ 0, 2 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 3, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "PRON", [ [ 5, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AUX", [ [ 7, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "VERB", [ [ 9, 10 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T1", "_", [ [ 11, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T2", "_", [ [ 16, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T3", "_", [ [ 23, 25 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T4", "_", [ [ 26, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T5", "_", [ [ 29, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T6", "_", [ [ 36, 42 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R3", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R4", "ccomp", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R0", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R1", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R2", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R3", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R4", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R5", "_", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: reason" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: be" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: 3SG" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: NEG.PERF" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: come" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ] ],
    "styles": [],
    "sentlabels": [ "2", null ],
    "text": "原因 是 他 沒 來\n\"The reason is he didn't come.\"",
    "error": false
}

For the cleft-like focus constructions with 是 and 是…的, see ccomp.

Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)

This relation is universal.

1613 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.

1612 instances of cop (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent). Average distance between parent and child is 5.13949163050217.

The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: NOUN-AUX (1047; 65% instances), PART-AUX (226; 14% instances), ADJ-AUX (172; 11% instances), NUM-AUX (89; 6% instances), PROPN-AUX (45; 3% instances), X-AUX (16; 1% instances), VERB-AUX (9; 1% instances), ADJ-ADJ (8; 0% instances), PRON-AUX (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 7 cop	color:blue
1	大	大	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	多數	多數	ADJ	JJ	_	6	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	的	的	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	2	case:dec	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	加長	加長	VERB	VV	_	5	case:suff	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	型	型	PART	SFN	_	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	禮車	禮車	NOUN	NN	_	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	則是	則是	AUX	VC	_	11	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	租車	租車	NOUN	NN	_	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	公司	公司	NOUN	NN	_	11	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	的	的	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	9	case:dec	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	財產	財產	NOUN	NN	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11	fgColor:white
# visual-style 11 9 cop	color:blue
1	山上	山上	NOUN	NN	_	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	有	有	VERB	VV	_	18	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	一	一	NUM	CD	NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	座	座	NOUN	NNB	_	6	clf	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	小	小	PART	PFA	_	6	case:pref	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	亭	亭	NOUN	NN	_	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	名	名	NOUN	NN	_	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	為	為	AUX	VC	_	11	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	浴日	浴日	PROPN	NNP	_	11	case:suff	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	亭	亭	PART	SFN	_	18	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	是	是	AUX	VC	_	18	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	觀望	觀望	VERB	VV	_	18	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	海上	海上	NOUN	NN	_	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	日出	日出	NOUN	NN	_	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	之	之	PART	DEC	_	14	mark:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	地	地	NOUN	NN	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No

# visual-style 7	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8	fgColor:white
# visual-style 8 7 cop	color:blue
1	北極	北極	PROPN	NNP	_	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	土著	土著	NOUN	NN	_	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	民族	民族	NOUN	NN	_	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	一直	一直	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	與	與	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	外界	外界	NOUN	NN	_	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	接觸	接觸	AUX	VV	_	8	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	甚少	甚少	ADJ	JJ	_	19	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	直到	直到	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	現代	現代	NOUN	NN	_	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	與	與	ADP	IN	_	17	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	其他	其他	DET	DT	_	15	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	地區	地區	NOUN	NN	_	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	的	的	PART	DEC	Case=Gen	13	case:dec	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	交流	交流	NOUN	NN	_	19	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	才	才	ADV	RB	_	19	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	開始	開始	VERB	VV	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	變	變	AUX	VV	_	22	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	得	得	PART	DEV	_	22	mark:comp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	頻繁	頻繁	ADJ	JJ	_	19	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No

cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]

cop: copula

Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)

`cop`: copula