Person: person
Person is a feature of personal and possessive pronouns and verbs. In verbs, this feature marks the subject, in some cases allowing the subject to be dropped entirely. In Irish, some verbs are constructed synthetically, and some are analytically constructed. Verb stems in Irish are either broad or slender (see NounType), and are inflected differently depending on this.
1 : first person
The first person refers to the speaker; singular first person includes just one speaker, while plural first person includes many speakers, or groups the speaker with others. In Irish verbs, the first person forms a synthetic verb, where the subject pronoun may be dropped from the verb. Prepositional and possessive pronouns also inflect to denote person and number.
Examples
- Dúnaim “I close”
- Tuigim “I understand”
- Dúnaimid “We close”
- Tuigimid “We understand”
2 : second person
The second person refers to the listener. The singular first person denotes just one listener, while the plural form denotes several listeners. Verbs in Irish do not indicate 2nd person, so subject pronouns are necessary (i.e. analytic form).
Examples
- Dúnann tú/sibh “You(sing/pl) close
- Tuigeann tú/sibh “You(sing/pl) understand
3 : third person
The third person refers to one or more persons who are not present, i.e. neither speakers nor listeners. Verbs in the third person are analytical, like with second person.
Examples
- Dúnann sé/sí/siad “He/she/they close(s)
- Tuigeann sé/sí/siad “He/she/they understand(s)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: 1, 2, 3.
1016 tokens (7%) have a non-empty value of Person.
169 types (4%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person.
76 lemmas (3%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person.
The feature is used with 6 part-of-speech tags: ga-pos/ADP (462; 3% instances), ga-pos/PRON (362; 3% instances), ga-pos/DET (123; 1% instances), ga-pos/VERB (63; 0% instances), ga-pos/X (5; 0% instances), ga-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
ADP
462 ga-pos/ADP tokens (21% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADP and Person co-occurred: PronType=EMPTY (427; 92%), Number=Sing (329; 71%).
ADP tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(76; 16% of non-emptyPerson): liom, agam, againn, orm, dúinn, dom, a’m, chugainn, againne, chugam2(16; 3% of non-emptyPerson): leat, duit, agat, asat, oraibh, ort3(370; 80% of non-emptyPerson): ina, ann, acu, air, á, dá, leis, aige, orthu, dóEMPTY(1778): ar, i, ag, le, de, sa, mar, den, leis, go
| Paradigm ar | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing | air | ||
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes | arna | ||
| Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Emp | airsean | ||
| Gender=Fem|Number=Sing | uirthi | ||
| Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Poss=Yes | arna | ||
| Number=Sing | orm | ort | |
| Number=Plur | oraibh | orthu, orthú |
PRON
362 ga-pos/PRON tokens (73% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and Person co-occurred: PronType=EMPTY (351; 97%), Number=Sing (286; 79%), Gender=Masc (202; 56%).
PRON tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(33; 9% of non-emptyPerson): mé, muid, mise, sinne2(11; 3% of non-emptyPerson): tú, sibh, thusa, tusa3(318; 88% of non-emptyPerson): sé, é, sí, siad, iad, í, ea, hé, siadsan, EiseanEMPTY(134): sin, féin, seo, siúd, cén, cad, shin, san, pé, ceachtar
Person seems to be lexical feature of PRON. 100% lemmas (16) occur only with one value of Person.
DET
123 ga-pos/DET tokens (10% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which DET and Person co-occurred: PronType=EMPTY (123; 100%), Definite=EMPTY (123; 100%), Case=EMPTY (123; 100%), Number=Sing (89; 72%).
DET tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(21; 17% of non-emptyPerson): mo, m’, ár2(5; 4% of non-emptyPerson): do3(97; 79% of non-emptyPerson): aEMPTY(1153): an, na, seo, sin, aon, eile, gach, cibé, uile, s’
VERB
63 ga-pos/VERB tokens (6% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Person co-occurred: Voice=EMPTY (63; 100%).
VERB tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(38; 60% of non-emptyPerson): mbeinn, mbínn, Bhíomar, Creidimidne, Fuaireamar, Féachaimis, Imím, Táimid, atáimse, bhainfinnse2(17; 27% of non-emptyPerson): déan, faigh, féach, Amharcaigí, Tabhair, Téigh, Tóg, bheifeá, fuaraigh, habair3(8; 13% of non-emptyPerson): bhíodar, Chuiridís, Sheoladar, bheidís, chríochnaíodar, déarfaidís, thugaidísEMPTY(1036): bhí, tá, raibh, bhfuil, atá, beidh, bheidh, thug, mbeidh, bíonn
| Paradigm bí | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Form=Ecl|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | mbeinn | ||
| Form=Ecl|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | mbínn | ||
| Form=Ecl|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | rabhas | ||
| Form=Ecl|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | bhfuilimid | ||
| Form=Emp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel|Tense=Pres | atáimse | ||
| Form=Len|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | bheifeá | ||
| Form=Len|Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | bheidís | ||
| Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | bhíos | ||
| Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Fut | bheimid | ||
| Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | Bhíomar | bhíodar | |
| Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | Táimid |
X
5 ga-pos/X tokens (3% of all X tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which X and Person co-occurred: Abbr=EMPTY (5; 100%), PronType=EMPTY (5; 100%), Dialect=Munster (3; 60%).
X tokens may have the following values of Person:
1(1; 20% of non-emptyPerson): chuireas2(2; 40% of non-emptyPerson): dein3(2; 40% of non-emptyPerson): fáEMPTY(146): san, (1), (2), so, (c), (4), (a), (b), Uimh., FÁS
AUX
1 ga-pos/AUX tokens (0% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Person.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Person co-occurred: PronType=EMPTY (1; 100%), Form=EMPTY (1; 100%), Tense=EMPTY (1; 100%), Polarity=EMPTY (1; 100%), VerbForm=Cop (1; 100%).
AUX tokens may have the following values of Person:
3(1; 100% of non-emptyPerson): SéEMPTY(223): is, ba, ní, gur, nach, b’, ar, níor, gurb, an
Relations with Agreement in Person
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Person:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (6; 75%),
PRON –[conj]–> PRON (5; 100%),
ADP –[conj]–> ADP (4; 80%),
X –[conj]–> X (1; 100%),
X –[obl:prep]–> ADP (1; 100%).
Person in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]