Person
: person
Person
is a feature of verbs (TODO: also pronouns?).
1
: first person
In singular, the first person refers just to the speaker or author. In plural, it includes the speaker/author and one or more additional persons.
Examples
- [fi] minä näin sinut “I saw you”
- [fi] me lähdimme “we left”
2
: second person
In singular, the second person refers to the addressee of the utterance or text. In plural, it may mean several addressees and optionally some third persons too.
Examples
- [fi] me tarjoamme “we offer”
- [fi] te vastaatte “you answer”
3
: third person
The third person refers to one or more persons that are neither speakers nor addressees.
Examples
- [fi] hän voitti “he/she won”
- [fi] he päättivät “they decided”
TODO: consider fourth person, e.g. kirja julkaistiin? (cf. ISK http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=106, http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=1313)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish)
This feature is universal but the values 0
are language-specific.
It occurs with 4 different values: 0
, 1
, 2
, 3
.
This is a layered feature with the following layers: Person, Person[psor].
22252 tokens (12%) have a non-empty value of Person
.
4415 types (9%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person
.
1588 lemmas (6%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person
.
The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: fi-pos/VERB (11041; 6% instances), fi-pos/AUX (8736; 5% instances), fi-pos/PRON (2475; 1% instances).
VERB
11041 fi-pos/VERB tokens (44% of all VERB
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB
and Person
co-occurred: Degree=EMPTY (11041; 100%), PartForm=EMPTY (11041; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (11041; 100%), Case=EMPTY (11041; 100%), Voice=Act (11041; 100%), InfForm=EMPTY (11041; 100%), Mood=Ind (9775; 89%), Number=Sing (8908; 81%).
VERB
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
0
(385; 3% of non-emptyPerson
): on, saa, tulee, tuli, ei, tuntuu, kannattaa, oli, sai, tulisi1
(1870; 17% of non-emptyPerson
): haluaisin, sain, haluan, enkä, huomasin, etten, toivon, näin, ostin, ajattelin2
(520; 5% of non-emptyPerson
): lisää, ota, et, keitä, leikkaa, paista, saat, lue, sekoita, tee3
(8266; 75% of non-emptyPerson
): eikä, sai, tuli, tulee, ettei, sanoi, ottaa, on, kertoi, kertooEMPTY
(14057): tehdä, tehty, ottaa, saada, tullut, käyttää, saanut, olevan, antaa, saa
Paradigm saada | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | saahan | |||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | saikin | |||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | saako | |||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | saadaanko | |||
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | sais | |||
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | saisin | saisit | saisi | saisi |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | saisimme | Saisitte | saisivat | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Typo=Yes | saa | |||
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | sain | sait | sai | sai |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | saan | saat | saa | saa |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | sai | |||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | saimme | saivat | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | saamme | saatte | saavat | |
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing | saanen | saanee |
AUX
8736 fi-pos/AUX tokens (84% of all AUX
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX
and Person
co-occurred: Voice=Act (8736; 100%), VerbForm=Fin (8736; 100%), Number=Sing (7578; 87%), Polarity=EMPTY (6978; 80%), Mood=Ind (6372; 73%), Tense=Pres (4886; 56%).
AUX
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
0
(407; 5% of non-emptyPerson
): on, voi, pitäisi, pitää, olisi, oli, voisi, täytyy, piti, onkin1
(683; 8% of non-emptyPerson
): en, olen, olin, olemme, emme, olisin, voimme, voin, Enkä, olisimme2
(136; 2% of non-emptyPerson
): et, olet, älä, voit, älkää, olette, olisit, voitte, ette, olit3
(7510; 86% of non-emptyPerson
): on, ei, oli, ovat, olisi, voi, eivät, olivat, onko, voivatEMPTY
(1629): ole, olla, ollut, voidaan, voi, olevan, olisi, olleet, voida, voinut
Paradigm olla | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clitic=Han|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | Olisihan | |||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olihan | olihan | ||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Onhan | |||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | olihan | |||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olivathan | |||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovathan | |||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olikaan | |||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olenkaan | onkaan | ||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovatkaan | |||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisikin | |||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | onki | |||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olinkin | olikin | olikin | |
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olenkin | onkin | onkin | |
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olivatkin | |||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovatkin | |||
Clitic=Ko,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | onks | |||
Clitic=Ko,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olikos | |||
Clitic=Ko,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | onkos | |||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisiko | olisiko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | oot | |||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olinko | oliko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olenko | oletko | onko | onko |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | ootteko | |||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olivatko | |||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | Ovatko | |||
Clitic=Pa,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | onpas | |||
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | Olisipa | |||
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olipa | |||
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | oletpa | Onpa | onpa | |
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olivatpa | |||
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | oisin | ois, olis | olis, ois | |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Typo=Yes | olisi | |||
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisin | olisit | olisi | olisi |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Style=Coll | oltaisiin | olis | ||
Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | olisimme | olisivat | ||
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing | Ole | |||
Mood=Imp|Number=Plur | Olkaa | |||
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | oli | ol | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | oon, Oom | oot | on, o | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olin | olit | oli | oli |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres|Typo=Yes | ovat | |||
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olen | olet | on | on |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | oltiin | oli | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | on, ollaan | |||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olimme | olivat | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olemme | olette | ovat | |
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Typo=Yes | lie | |||
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing | lienee | lienee | ||
Mood=Pot|Number=Plur | lienevät, lie |
PRON
2475 fi-pos/PRON tokens (21% of all PRON
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON
and Person
co-occurred: PronType=Prs (2475; 100%), Number=Sing (1808; 73%).
PRON
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
1
(923; 37% of non-emptyPerson
): minä, meidän, me, mä, minun, minua, meillä, minulla, minulle, minut2
(228; 9% of non-emptyPerson
): sinä, sä, sinun, te, teitä, sinua, sinulle, teille, sinulla, sinut3
(1324; 53% of non-emptyPerson
): hän, hänen, he, heidän, hänet, häntä, hänelle, hänellä, hänestä, heitäEMPTY
(9458): se, sen, joka, sitä, siitä, tämä, tämän, jotka, ne, mitä
Relations with Agreement in Person
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Person
:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (1188; 63%),
VERB –[appos]–> VERB (7; 100%),
AUX –[aux:pass]–> AUX (3; 100%),
AUX –[cop]–> AUX (2; 100%),
AUX –[conj]–> AUX (1; 100%),
VERB –[vocative]–> PRON (1; 100%),
AUX –[conj]–> VERB (1; 100%),
PRON –[nmod:poss]–> PRON (1; 100%),
AUX –[orphan]–> AUX (1; 100%),
VERB –[goeswith]–> VERB (1; 100%).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish-FTB)
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 3 different values: 1
, 2
, 3
.
This is a layered feature with the following layers: Person, Person[psor].
24797 tokens (17%) have a non-empty value of Person
.
4852 types (12%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person
.
1590 lemmas (8%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Person
.
The feature is used with 4 part-of-speech tags: fi-pos/VERB (17635; 12% instances), fi-pos/PRON (3996; 3% instances), fi-pos/AUX (2802; 2% instances), fi-pos/DET (364; 0% instances).
VERB
17635 fi-pos/VERB tokens (58% of all VERB
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB
and Person
co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (17635; 100%), PartForm=EMPTY (17635; 100%), InfForm=EMPTY (17635; 100%), Voice=Act (17635; 100%), Case=EMPTY (17635; 100%), Number=Sing (15232; 86%), Mood=Ind (13177; 75%).
VERB
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
1
(2543; 14% of non-emptyPerson
): en, olen, olin, emme, tulen, olemme, sanoin, ajattelin, olisin, näin2
(1408; 8% of non-emptyPerson
): et, älä, olet, ette, olette, ota, saat, oot, tule, anna3
(13684; 78% of non-emptyPerson
): on, ei, oli, ovat, voi, eivät, olisi, tuli, tulee, eikäEMPTY
(12696): ole, olla, ollut, tehdä, mennä, voi, tulla, saanut, saada, ottaa
Paradigm olla | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Clitic=Han,Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | Oiskohan | ||
Clitic=Han,Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | Olisikohan | ||
Clitic=Han,Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olikohan | ||
Clitic=Han,Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Oletkohan | Onkohan | |
Clitic=Han|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | Olisihan | ||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olithan | olihan | |
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Olenhan | onhan | |
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olikaan | ||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | oletkaan | onkaan | |
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olivatkaan | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | oliskin | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisikin | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing | olekin | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | olikii | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | onki | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olinkin | olikin | |
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | onkin | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovatkin | ||
Clitic=Ko,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olitkos | ||
Clitic=Ko,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Oletkos | onkos | |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | oisko, olisko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisiko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | Olisitteko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | Oliks | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | olenk, oonko, ooks, Oonksmä | ootko, ootsä, Ookkonää, oleks, Ooksää | onks, onk |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olinko | Olitko | oliko |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olenko | oletko | onko |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | Olitteks | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | Oottekste, ootteko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olemmeko | Oletteko | ovatko |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing | Liekö, lieneekö | ||
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Oletpa | Onpa | |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | oisi, oisin | ois, olis, os | |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisin | olisit | olisi |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | olisimme | olisitte | olisivat |
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | Oo, Ous | ||
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing | ole | olkoon | |
Mood=Imp|Number=Plur | Olkaa | olkoot | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | oli | ol, olii, ol´ | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | oon, oo, Oom, Oommä, ole, on, ool | oot | o, oj, om |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olin | olit | oli |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olen | olet | on |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | Olimma | olija | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | oovat | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olimme | olivat | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olemme | olette | ovat |
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing | lienen | lienee, lie | |
Mood=Pot|Number=Plur | lienevät |
PRON
3996 fi-pos/PRON tokens (42% of all PRON
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON
and Person
co-occurred: PronType=Prs (3996; 100%), Number=Sing (3104; 78%), Case=Nom (2401; 60%).
PRON
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
1
(1701; 43% of non-emptyPerson
): minä, mä, me, minulla, minua, minun, meillä, minulle, meidän, meitä2
(698; 17% of non-emptyPerson
): sinä, sä, te, sinulle, sinua, sinun, sinulla, sinut, sulle, teillä3
(1597; 40% of non-emptyPerson
): hän, he, hänen, häntä, hänellä, hänet, hänelle, hänestä, heidän, heilläEMPTY
(5533): se, sen, sitä, mitä, joka, ne, siitä, kaikki, tämä, mikä
AUX
2802 fi-pos/AUX tokens (82% of all AUX
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX
and Person
co-occurred: VerbForm=Fin (2802; 100%), Voice=Act (2802; 100%), Mood=Ind (2636; 94%), Number=Sing (2394; 85%), Tense=Pres (2000; 71%).
AUX
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
1
(145; 5% of non-emptyPerson
): olen, olin, olemme, olisin, olenko, Olkaamme, Olinpa, Olisinko, Teimme, en2
(87; 3% of non-emptyPerson
): olet, olette, Ole, olkaa, oot, oletko, olit, olisit, Olisitpa, Olisitte3
(2570; 92% of non-emptyPerson
): on, oli, ovat, olisi, olivat, tuli, tulee, onko, ei, olikinEMPTY
(623): ole, olla, ollut, olevan, olleet, ollaan, tullut, olisi, olemaan, ollu
Paradigm olla | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Clitic=Han,Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | onkoha | ||
Clitic=Han,Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Onkohan | ||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olihan | ||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | onhan | ||
Clitic=Han|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovathan | ||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olikaan | ||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | onkaan | ||
Clitic=Kaan|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovatkaan | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisikin | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing | olkoonkin | ||
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olinkin | olikin | |
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olenkin | oletkin | onkin |
Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | ovatkin | ||
Clitic=Ko,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olikos | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | oisko, olisko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | Olisinko | olisiko | |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | olisivatko | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | oliks, olik | ||
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | oleksä, ook | onks, onk | |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olinko | oliko | |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olenko | oletko | onko |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olemmeko | ovatko | |
Clitic=Ko|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing | Lieneekö | ||
Clitic=Pa,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olipas | ||
Clitic=Pa,S|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | Onpas | ||
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | Olisitpa | ||
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing | olepa | olkoonpa | |
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | Olinpa | olipa | |
Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | oletpa | onpa | |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Style=Coll | oisin | olis, ois | |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing | olisin | olisit | olisi, lienisi |
Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur | olisimme | Olisitte | olisivat |
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing | Ole | olkoon | |
Mood=Imp|Number=Plur | Olkaamme | olkaa | olkoot |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Past | ol´, olä, ol | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | oon | oot | o, oj |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past | olin | olit | oli |
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Pres | olen | olet | on |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Style=Coll|Tense=Pres | Ootte | ||
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past | olimme | olivat | |
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Pres | olemme | olette | ovat |
Mood=Opt|Number=Sing | Ollos | ||
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing | lienee | ||
Mood=Pot|Number=Plur | lienemme | lienevät |
DET
364 fi-pos/DET tokens (10% of all DET
tokens) have a non-empty value of Person
.
The most frequent other feature values with which DET
and Person
co-occurred: PronType=Prs (364; 100%), Case=Gen (337; 93%), Number=Sing (240; 66%).
DET
tokens may have the following values of Person
:
1
(141; 39% of non-emptyPerson
): meidän, minun, mun, meiän, Meillä, meille, meistä, meitä, minunkin, minä2
(57; 16% of non-emptyPerson
): sinun, teidän, sun, sinä, te, teille, teiän3
(166; 46% of non-emptyPerson
): hänen, heidän, häneEMPTY
(3306): se, sen, kaikki, mitään, tämä, joka, tällä, sitä, joku, tässä
Relations with Agreement in Person
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Person
:
VERB –[conj]–> VERB (875; 57%),
VERB –[vocative]–> PRON (11; 52%).
Person in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]