cop: copula
A copula is the relation between the nominal predicate (přísudek jmenný) and
the copular verb být “to be” (or its variants bývat, bývávat).
The verb stát se “to become”, despite being counted among copular verbs by some authors,
is not analyzed as cop.
We normally take a copula as a dependent of its complement (the nominal predicate). The nominal predicate is usually a noun, an adjective or a participle.
Ondřej je čestný muž . \n Ondřej is honest man .
cop(muž, je)
cop(man, is)
Ondřej je čestný . \n Ondřej is honest .
cop(čestný, je)
cop(honest, is)
Note that the passive participle may be also used as nominal predicate with copula. Hence it may be difficult to distinguish a passive construction from a copula construction. The former focuses on the process while the latter emphasizes the result.
- Passive: Smlouva byla.
AUXpodepsána v Bílém domě. “The contract was signed in the White House.” - Copula: Smlouva byla.
VERBpodepsána červeným inkoustem. “The contract was signed in red ink.”
Smlouva byla podepsána v Bílém domě . \n Contract was signed in White House .
aux:pass(podepsána, byla)
aux:pass(signed, was)
Smlouva byla podepsána červeným inkoustem . \n Contract was signed in-red ink .
cop(podepsána, byla)
cop(signed, was)
The nominal predicate may also be expressed using a prepositional phrase. Phrases expressing the state of the subject are clear predicates, e.g. Lenka je v kondici “Lenka is in shape”. Under the v2 guidelines, prepositional phrases expressing locations are also considered predicates, to increase parallelism across languages.
Thus the following sentences receive parallel analyses:
- Lenka je skvělá. “Lenka is brilliant.”
- Lenka je v kondici. “Lenka is in shape.”
- Lenka je v kuchyni. “Lenka is in the kitchen.”
In contrast, the following two are no longer parallel:
- Lenka je v kuchyni. “Lenka is in the kitchen.”
- Lenka zůstala v kuchyni. “Lenka stayed in the kitchen.”
Lenka je v kondici . \n Lenka is in shape .
cop(kondici, je)
cop(shape, is)
case(kondici, v)
case(shape, in)
nsubj(kondici, Lenka-1)
nsubj(shape, Lenka-7)
Lenka je v kuchyni . \n Lenka is in kitchen .
nsubj(kuchyni, Lenka-1)
nsubj(kitchen, Lenka-7)
cop(kuchyni, je)
cop(kitchen, is)
case(kuchyni, v)
case(kitchen, in)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)
This relation is universal.
18020 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
15062 instances of cop (84%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.3673140954495.
The following 9 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/AUX (10173; 56% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/AUX (6528; 36% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/AUX (466; 3% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/AUX (419; 2% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/AUX (183; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/AUX (176; 1% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/AUX (61; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/AUX (10; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances).
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 2 cop color:blue
1 Změny změna NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 3 nsubj _ _
2 jsou být AUX VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop _ _
3 citelné citelný ADJ AAFP1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 6 punct _ _
5 je být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
6 třeba třeba ADJ ACNS------A---- Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|Variant=Short 3 conj _ LId=třeba-1
7 je on PRON PPXP4--3------- Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 obj _ LId=on-1|LGloss=(oni/ono)
8 lépe dobře ADV Dg-------2A---- Degree=Cmp|Polarity=Pos 9 advmod _ _
9 prezentovat prezentovat VERB Vf--------A---- Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 6 csubj _ _
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 4 cop color:blue
1 BESO Beso PROPN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|NameType=Com|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 6 nsubj _ _
2 a a CCONJ J^------------- _ 3 cc _ LId=a-1
3 SES SES PROPN NNXXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|NameType=Com|Polarity=Pos 1 conj _ _
4 jsou být AUX VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
5 dvě dva NUM ClHP1---------- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur|NumForm=Word|NumType=Card|NumValue=1,2,3 6 nummod _ LNumValue=2
6 organizace organizace NOUN NNFP1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 0 root _ _
7 se s ADP RV--7---------- AdpType=Voc|Case=Ins 9 case _ LId=s-1
8 stejným stejný ADJ AANS7----1A---- Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 9 amod _ _
9 posláním poslání NOUN NNNS7-----A---- Case=Ins|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No|LDeriv=poslat
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 6 cop color:blue
1 Proto proto CCONJ J^------------- _ 3 cc _ LId=proto-1|LGloss=(proto;_a_proto,_ale_proto,...)
2 nás já PRON PP-P4--1------- Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 obj _ _
3 zajímalo zajímat VERB VpNS---XR-AA--- Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
5 jaký jaký DET P4YS1---------- Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Int,Rel 3 csubj _ _
6 je být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _
7 její jeho DET PSZS1FS3------- Case=Nom|Gender=Masc,Neut|Gender[psor]=Fem|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 det _ LGloss=(přivlast.)
8 pohled pohled NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 nsubj _ _
9 na na ADP RR--4---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Acc 10 case _ LId=na-1
10 působení působení NOUN NNNS4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 8 nmod _ LDeriv=působit
11 Američanů Američan PROPN NNMP2-----A---- Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|NameType=Nat|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 10 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 3 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)
This relation is universal.
7973 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as cop.
6883 instances of cop (86%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.18763326226013.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/AUX (4448; 56% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/AUX (2483; 31% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/AUX (370; 5% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/AUX (354; 4% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/AUX (156; 2% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/AUX (47; 1% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/AUX (43; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/SYM (15; 0% instances), cs-pos/PART-cs-pos/AUX (11; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/NOUN (8; 0% instances), cs-pos/PROPN-cs-pos/AUX (8; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADJ (7; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NOUN (5; 0% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/AUX (4; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/SYM (3; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/CCONJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/INTJ-cs-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SCONJ-cs-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SCONJ-cs-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/SYM-cs-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 9 6 cop color:blue
1 Stav stav NOUN NNIS1-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 9 nsubj _ _
2 a a CCONJ J^------------- _ 3 cc _ LId=a-1
3 využívání využívání NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 1 conj _ LDeriv=využít
4 půdního půdní ADJ AAIS2----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 amod _ _
5 fondu fond NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 1 nmod _ _
6 jsou být AUX VB-P---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 cop _ _
7 u u ADP RR--2---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Gen 8 case _ LId=u-1
8 nás já PRON PP-P2--1------- Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 obl _ _
9 neuspokojivé uspokojivý ADJ AAIP1----1N---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Polarity=Neg 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 9 punct _ _
# visual-style 7 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 7 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 7 cop color:blue
1 Prvním první ADJ CrIS7---------- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|NumType=Ord 2 amod _ _
2 požadavkem požadavek NOUN NNIS7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 0 root _ _
3 tělesné tělesný ADJ AAFS2----1A---- Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 6 amod _ _
4 a a CCONJ J^------------- _ 5 cc _ LId=a-1
5 duševní duševní ADJ AAFS2----1A---- Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 3 conj _ _
6 rehabilitace rehabilitace NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 2 nmod _ _
7 je být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 cop _ _
8 tedy tedy ADV Dg-------1A---- Degree=Pos|Polarity=Pos 2 advmod _ _
9 ticho ticho NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 2 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 3 cop color:blue
1 K k ADP RR--3---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Dat 2 case _ LId=k-1
2 tomu ten DET PDZS3---------- Case=Dat|Gender=Masc,Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 5 obl _ _
3 je být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _
4 však však CCONJ J^------------- _ 5 cc _ _
5 třeba třeba ADV Db------------- _ 0 root _ LId=třeba-2|LGloss=(například)
6 souhlasu souhlas NOUN NNIS2-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 nsubj _ _
7 ZV ZV NOUN NNIXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Animacy=Inan|Gender=Masc|Polarity=Pos 6 nmod _ _
8 ROH ROH PROPN NNNXX-----A---8 Abbr=Yes|Gender=Neut|NameType=Com|Polarity=Pos 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)
This relation is universal.
324 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as cop.
294 instances of cop (91%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.56481481481481.
The following 7 pairs of parts of speech are connected with cop: cs-pos/ADJ-cs-pos/AUX (131; 40% instances), cs-pos/NOUN-cs-pos/AUX (117; 36% instances), cs-pos/VERB-cs-pos/AUX (68; 21% instances), cs-pos/PRON-cs-pos/AUX (4; 1% instances), cs-pos/ADV-cs-pos/AUX (2; 1% instances), cs-pos/DET-cs-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances), cs-pos/NUM-cs-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 3 cop color:blue
1 (5) (5) PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
2 Rezervy rezerva NOUN NNFP4-----A---- Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 5 obj _ _
3 není být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop _ _
4 možné možný ADJ AANS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 0 root _ _
5 používat používat VERB Vf--------A---- Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Inf 4 csubj _ _
6 k k ADP RR--3---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Dat 7 case _ LId=k-1
7 úpravám úprava NOUN NNFP3-----A---- Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 5 obl _ _
8 výše výše NOUN NNFS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 7 nmod _ _
9 ocenění ocenění NOUN NNNS2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 8 nmod _ _
10 aktiv aktivum NOUN NNNP2-----A---- Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Plur|Polarity=Pos 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No|LId=aktivum-1
11 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 12 fgColor:white
# visual-style 12 10 cop color:blue
1 Účetní účetní ADJ AANS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 2 amod _ LId=účetní-1
2 období období NOUN NNNS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 nsubj _ _
3 se se PRON P7-X4---------- Case=Acc|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short 5 expl:pv _ _
4 buď buď CCONJ J^------------- _ 5 cc _ _
5 shoduje shodovat VERB VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
6 s s ADP RR--7---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Ins 8 case _ LId=s-1
7 kalendářním kalendářní ADJ AAIS7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 8 amod _ _
8 rokem rok NOUN NNIS7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 obj _ _
9 nebo nebo CCONJ J^------------- _ 12 cc _ _
10 je být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 12 cop _ _
11 hospodářským hospodářský ADJ AAIS7----1A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 12 amod _ _
12 rokem rok NOUN NNIS7-----A---- Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 4 cop color:blue
1 Směrná směrný ADJ AAFS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 3 amod _ _
2 účtová účtový ADJ AAFS1----1A---- Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 3 amod _ _
3 osnova osnova NOUN NNFS1-----A---- Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 nsubj _ _
4 je být AUX VB-S---3P-AA--- Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _
5 uvedena uvést VERB VsQW---XX-AP--- Gender=Fem,Neut|Number=Plur,Sing|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
6 v v ADP RR--6---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Loc 7 case _ LId=v-1
7 příloze příloha NOUN NNFS6-----A---- Case=Loc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 5 obl _ _
8 č. č. X X@------------- _ 7 nmod _ _
9 4 4 X X@------------- _ 8 flat _ _
10 k k ADP RR--3---------- AdpType=Prep|Case=Dat 12 case _ LId=k-1
11 této tento DET PDFS3---------- Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 12 det _ _
12 vyhlášce vyhláška NOUN NNFS3-----A---- Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos 7 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Z:------------- _ 5 punct _ _
cop in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]