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Tense: tense

Turkish has a complex tense/aspect/modality system.

Turkish verbs can indicates actions in the present, past or future. Complex tenses for actions that happened before, during, and after a past event can also be specified by suffixation. The actions that happen before/after/during a future event is expressed using an auxiliary.

The verbs expressing actions that happened before a reference in the past are marked with value Pqp. For events that happen during the past reference, we use Tense=Past with proper progressive (Prog) or habitual (not in current UD specification) Aspect.

Past: paste tense

Turkish past tense is realized with -DI or -mIş suffixes on verbal predicates, and with -(y)DI and -(y)mIş suffixes on nominal predicates. The difference between the -DI and -mIş forms are related to Mood rather than Tense. Both morphemes refer to a (completed) past event.

These suffixes also combine with others to refer to time relative to a past event, which will be discussed below.

Examples

• eve gitti ‘she went home’
• eve gitmiş ‘she went home’ (evidential: speaker does not have direct information on the event)
• eve gitmeliydi ‘she should have gone home’
• eve gitseydi ‘if she went home’
• hastaydı ‘she was sick’
• hastaymış ‘she was sick’ (evidential)

Fut: future tense

Turkish future tense is expressed with suffix -(y)AcAk. Copular predicates cannot directly take future Tense morphemes. Future tense in nominal phrases are expressed using auxiliary ol-.

Examples

• eve gidecek ‘she will go home’

Pres: present tense

The present tense in Turkish is realized by lack of past or future morphemes.

Examples

• eve gidiyor ‘she is going home’
• eve gitmeli ‘she should go home’
• eve gider ‘she goes home’

The differences between these forms are Aspect and Mood differences.

Pqp: pluperfect

This denotes an action that happened before a reference time in the past. In Turkish, this is realized by combination of -DI/-mIş and -(y)DI/-(y)mIş (only three combinations exemplified below possible). As in future tense, nominal predicates require the auxiliary ol- for this tense (hasta olmuştu ‘she had been sick’). Hence, we only mark verbal predicates with double past indicators as Pqp.

Examples

• eve gitmişti ‘she had gone home’ (this is not evidential)
• eve gitmişmiş ‘she had gone home’ (this is evidential)
• eve gittiydi ‘she had gone home’ (colloquial)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This feature is universal but the values Aor, AorPast, FutPast are language-specific. It occurs with 7 different values: Aor, AorPast, Fut, FutPast, Past, Pqp, Pres.

9924 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of Tense. 5602 types (37%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense. 782 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Tense. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/VERB (9113; 19% instances), tr-pos/AUX (809; 2% instances), tr-pos/ADP (2; 0% instances).

VERB

9113 tr-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Tense co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (8104; 89%), Polite=EMPTY (7977; 88%), Mood=Ind (7883; 87%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (7736; 85%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (7736; 85%), Voice=EMPTY (7675; 84%), Case=EMPTY (7346; 81%), Aspect=Perf (7004; 77%), VerbForm=EMPTY (5224; 57%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Tense:

• Aor (834; 9% of non-empty Tense): olur, olmaz, olabilir, ister, eder, yeter, ?, alır, benzer, gelir
• AorPast (131; 1% of non-empty Tense): olurdu, derdi, ederdi, otururdu, verirdi, yapardı, başlardı, bilirdi, bulunmazdım, dururdu
• Fut (474; 5% of non-empty Tense): olacak, yapılacak, verecek, gelecek, yapacağız, olacaktır, olmayacak, alacak, anlatacağım, bitecek
• FutPast (30; 0% of non-empty Tense): olacaktı, Feshedeceklermiş, anlatacaktım, anlatacaktın, anlatmayacaktım, bekleyecektim, bitmeyecekmiş, bulabileceklerdi, diyecektik, diyecektim
• Past (3399; 37% of non-empty Tense): dedi, dedim, olduğunu, oldu, olduğu, söyledi, etti, geldi, baktı, verdi
• Pqp (213; 2% of non-empty Tense): başlamıştı, demişti, etmişti, çıkmıştı, dönmüştü, gelmişti, geçmişti, düşünmemiştim, heyecanlanmıştı, kalkmıştı
• Pres (4032; 44% of non-empty Tense): olan, değil, gelen, var, demek, diyor, eden, olması, oluyor, olsa

Paradigm ol	Pres	Fut	Past	Pqp	Aor	AorPast	FutPast
Aspect=Imp|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos						olurmuş
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos					olursan
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg					olmazsa
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos					olursa
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos					olurlarsa
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg					olmam
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos						olurdum
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos					olursun
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg					olmaz
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos					olur	olurdu
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos					oluruz
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos					olurlar
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg						olamazdım
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos					olabilirim
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Neg					olamazsın
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg					olamaz
Aspect=Imp|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos					olabilir
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmamdan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğundan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağından	olmadığından
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğundan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmamaktan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduktan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmaktan
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part			olmadığımızı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğumuzu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part			olmadıklarını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduklarını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğumu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağını	olmadığını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğunu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass			olunduğunu
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmasını
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmayı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Acc|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part		olabileceğini
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğuna
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmasına
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmaya
Aspect=Perf|Case=Dat|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part		olabileceğine
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part			olmadığının
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğunun
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmasının
Aspect=Perf|Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmanın
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			oldukları
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmaları
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğum
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmam
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part			olmadığı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmaması, olmayışı
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğu, oldukları
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olması
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun|Voice=Pass	olunması
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmama
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olmak, olma
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part		olabileceği
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olabilmesi
Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Mood=Pot|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Vnoun	olabilmek
Aspect=Perf|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos			olmuşlarsa
Aspect=Perf|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos			olmuştur
Aspect=Perf|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg			olmamış
Aspect=Perf|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos			olmuş
Aspect=Perf|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos			olmuşlar
Aspect=Perf|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olmuş
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos		olacaksa	olduysa
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg	olmasam
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos	olsam		olsaydım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos	olsa		olsaydı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Neg	olmasanız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Des|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg	olmasalar
Aspect=Perf|Mood=GenNec|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos	olmalıdır
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos		olacaktır
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos	ol
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg	olmasın
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos	olsun
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos	olun
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos			oldum	olmuştum
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos		olacaksın	oldun
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg		olmayacak	olmadı	olmamıştı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos		olacak	oldu	olmuştu			olacaktı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg		olmayacağız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos		olacağız	olduk
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos		olacaksınız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos		olacaklar	oldular
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğumuz
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part			olmadıkları
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			oldukları
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part			olduğum
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağı	olmadığı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part		olacağı	olduğu
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Conv	olmadan, olmayıp
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|VerbForm=Part	olmayan	olmayacak
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Conv	olup, olunca, olalı, oldukça
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Part	olan
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos	olmalıyım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos	olmalısın
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos	olmalı		olmalıydı
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Nec|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos	olmalıyız
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg	olmaya
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos	ola
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg	olmayalım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos	olalım
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg		olamayacak
Aspect=Perf|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos			olabildi
Aspect=Prog|Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm			oluyormuş
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	oluyorum
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	oluyorsun
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Polite=Infm	olmuyor
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Polite=Infm|Voice=Pass			olunmuyordu
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	oluyor		oluyordu
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	oluyoruz
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	oluyorsunuz
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Polite=Infm	olmuyorlar
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	oluyorlar
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	olabiliyorsun
Aspect=Prog|Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm	olabiliyor
Aspect=Rapid|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|VerbForm=Conv	oluverip

AUX

809 tr-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Tense co-occurred: Aspect=Perf (809; 100%), Number=Sing (711; 88%), Person=3 (625; 77%), Mood=Ind (573; 71%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Tense:

• Past (287; 35% of non-empty Tense): ydi, dı, ydı, tu, ydu, tı, di, ti, ydim, du
• Pres (522; 65% of non-empty Tense): dır, mı, dir, mi, mu, dur, sa, tir, im, musun

Paradigm i	Pres	Past
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1		ymışım
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2		mışsın
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3		mış, ymiş, eymiş, ymış, ymuş, immiş, edenmiş, müş, miş, ostakoviç'miş
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Conv		ymişçesine
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1		ymışız
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=1	sem
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3	sa, se, yse, ysa, siyse, imse
Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3	dır, dir, dur, tir, tır, tur, dür, edir, tür, ledir, 'dır, ir, üdür
Mood=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=2	sinizdir
Mood=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3	lerdir, lardır, dırlar, etinlerdir, durlar
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1	im, yim, yım, ım, yum, üm	ydim, ydım, ydum, tum, dim, dum, düm, dım, tım
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2	sın, s'ın, usevisin, sun, eredesin, sin	ydin, erdeydin, din
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3		ydi, dı, ydı, tu, ydu, tı, di, ti, du, eydi, dü, 'dı, tü, 'ydı, ydü, eredeydi, 'ydi, 'di
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1	yız, ız, iz, yiz, yüz, yuz	ydik, ydık, dik
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2	sınız, imsiniz, sunuz, lırsınız, eredesiniz	ydınız
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3	ler, lar	ydılar, tılar, dular, ydiler
Mood=Ind|VerbForm=Conv	ken, yken, irerken

ADP

2 tr-pos/ADP tokens (0% of all ADP tokens) have a non-empty value of Tense.

ADP tokens may have the following values of Tense:

• Past (2; 100% of non-empty Tense): idi
• EMPTY (1882): ki, için, gibi, diye, kadar, li, lı, olarak, sonra, önce

Relations with Agreement in Tense

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Tense: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (480; 63%), VERB –[aux:q]–> AUX (46; 51%), VERB –[compound]–> VERB (32; 60%), VERB –[compound:redup]–> VERB (18; 95%), VERB –[parataxis]–> VERB (3; 60%), VERB –[case]–> VERB (1; 100%), VERB –[obl]–> VERB (1; 100%).

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Tense in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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