VERB: verb
Definition
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.
Note that the VERB tag covers main verbs (content verbs) and modal verbs but it does not cover auxiliary verbs, for which there is the AUX tag. (Ukrainian modal verbs are not considered auxiliary.) See the description of AUX for more information on the borderline between VERB and AUX.
Ukrainian verbs can take the following morphological forms:
- Infinitive (this is the citation form)
- Finite verb (indicative and imperative forms; conditional is constructed periphrastically). Ukrainian future tense can be formed either analitically, with the help of the auxiliary verb бути “to be” or syntactically, with the help of endings rooted in the auxiliary verb мати “to have”.
- Active and passive adverbial participle
- Impersonal form ending with -но/-то. In Slavic languages other than Ukrainian and Polish this form coincides with the neutral passive adjectival participle, but in those two languages the participle has a different ending: -не in Ukrainian and -ne in Polish, which is why it is treated as a separate verbal form.
There are participial forms that are tagged as adjectives (ADJ) rather than verbs. See below for border cases.
A verbal noun can be derived productively from almost every verb (e.g. робити “to do” → робіння “doing”). While in other languages a corresponding form may be called gerund and tagged VERB, in Ukrainian it is tagged NOUN. It has always the neuter uk-feat/Gender and it inflects for uk-feat/Number and uk-feat/Case.
Examples
- нести “to carry”
- несу, несеш, несе, несемо, несете, несуть “I carry, you carry, he/she/it carries, we carry, you carry, they carry”
- неси, несімо, несіть “carry” (imperative in different persons and numbers)
- ніс, несла, несло, несли “carried” (past tense forms in different genders and numbers)
- несено “(it was/somebody) carried” (passive impersonal form)
- несучи, нісши “carrying” (present and past adverbial participles)
Border cases
Passive and active adjectival participles are non-finite verb forms that share properties of verbs and adjectives.
- Passive adjectival participle is used to construct passive voice: несений, несена, несене, несені “carried” (passive participle in different genders and numbers). It is also used separately as an adjective: ношений, драний “carried, torn/ragged”. Their meaning is almost identical but the usage slightly varies. Both groups can be used in nominal predication with copula. Only true participles (verbs) can be used to form the passive voice (but it may be sometimes difficult to distinguish from copula constructions, see AUX). On the other hand, the participial adjectives inflect for case and thus can modify nouns.
- Active participle (it is considered ungrammatical but still used occasionally, which is why it is encoded): несучий, несуча, несуче, несучі “carrying” (present adjectival participle in different genders and numbers).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)
There are 879 VERB lemmas (22%), 1208 VERB types (22%) and 1552 VERB tokens (12%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 2 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: мати, бути, могти, сказати, стояти, хотіти, жити, ходити, зробити, мусити
The 10 most frequent VERB types: було, мав, мали, ходили, виявилося, сказав, жив, зробити, міг, почали
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: мати (VERB 40, NOUN 1), бути (AUX 158, VERB 31)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: було (AUX 49, VERB 11), була (AUX 25, VERB 3), може (VERB 4, ADV 2), є (AUX 10, VERB 4), був (AUX 25, VERB 3), були (AUX 23, VERB 2), бути (AUX 8, VERB 2), буде (AUX 8, VERB 1), ніс (NOUN 1, VERB 1)
- було
- була
- може
- є
- був
- були
- бути
- буде
- ніс
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 1.374289 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.380843).
The 1st highest number of forms (10) was observed with the lemma “мати”: мав, мала, мали, мати, матиме, матимеш, маю, мають, має, маємо.
The 2nd highest number of forms (8) was observed with the lemma “бути”: був, буде, будь, була, були, було, бути, є.
The 3rd highest number of forms (8) was observed with the lemma “могти”: могла, могли, може, можемо, можеш, можу, можуть, міг.
VERB occurs with 8 features: uk-feat/Aspect (1552; 100% instances), uk-feat/VerbForm (1552; 100% instances), uk-feat/Tense (1277; 82% instances), uk-feat/Mood (1221; 79% instances), uk-feat/Number (631; 41% instances), uk-feat/Gender (581; 37% instances), uk-feat/Person (295; 19% instances), uk-feat/Style (10; 1% instances)
VERB occurs with 21 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=0, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Style=Odd, Style=Rare, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Conv, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf
VERB occurs with 39 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin (240 tokens).
Examples: мали, ходили, їздили, виглядали, жили, могли, стояли, збирали, йшли, казали
Relations
VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 13 different relations: uk-dep/root (676; 44% instances), uk-dep/conj (261; 17% instances), uk-dep/advcl (160; 10% instances), uk-dep/acl (149; 10% instances), uk-dep/xcomp (137; 9% instances), uk-dep/parataxis (106; 7% instances), uk-dep/ccomp (50; 3% instances), uk-dep/appos (5; 0% instances), uk-dep/compound:svc (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), uk-dep/nmod (1; 0% instances)
Parents of VERB nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: ROOT (676; 44% instances), VERB (629; 41% instances), NOUN (142; 9% instances), ADV (30; 2% instances), PRON (25; 2% instances), ADJ (24; 2% instances), PROPN (11; 1% instances), DET (9; 1% instances), INTJ (5; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
21 (1%) VERB nodes are leaves.
95 (6%) VERB nodes have one child.
216 (14%) VERB nodes have two children.
1220 (79%) VERB nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a VERB node is 12.
Children of VERB nodes are attached using 28 different relations: uk-dep/punct (1373; 24% instances), uk-dep/obl (991; 17% instances), uk-dep/nsubj (809; 14% instances), uk-dep/obj (638; 11% instances), uk-dep/advmod (609; 11% instances), uk-dep/cc (251; 4% instances), uk-dep/conj (248; 4% instances), uk-dep/mark (175; 3% instances), uk-dep/advcl (169; 3% instances), uk-dep/xcomp (152; 3% instances), uk-dep/parataxis (97; 2% instances), uk-dep/ccomp (71; 1% instances), uk-dep/discourse (65; 1% instances), uk-dep/iobj (52; 1% instances), uk-dep/aux (21; 0% instances), uk-dep/vocative (7; 0% instances), uk-dep/expl (4; 0% instances), uk-dep/fixed (4; 0% instances), uk-dep/det (3; 0% instances), uk-dep/compound:svc (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/dislocated (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/nsubj:pass (2; 0% instances), uk-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), uk-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances), uk-dep/case (1; 0% instances), uk-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), uk-dep/flat (1; 0% instances)
Children of VERB nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: NOUN (1720; 30% instances), PUNCT (1373; 24% instances), VERB (629; 11% instances), PRON (606; 11% instances), ADV (530; 9% instances), CCONJ (251; 4% instances), PART (171; 3% instances), SCONJ (164; 3% instances), PROPN (138; 2% instances), DET (83; 1% instances), ADJ (54; 1% instances), AUX (22; 0% instances), INTJ (4; 0% instances), NUM (4; 0% instances), ADP (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
VERB in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]