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VERB: verb

Definition

A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.

In Slovenian, the VERB tag covers all verbs (including content, modal and copula verbs), except for the auxiliary verb biti “to be”, which is tagged as AUX.

Word forms that etymologically derive from verbs, but have different syntactic properties, such as adjectival participles (ukraden “stolen”, pokrit “covered”), transgressives (upoštevaje “taking into account”, začenši “starting”) and gerunds (govorjenje “speaking”, zavrnitev “rejection”, gretje “heating”), are marked as adjectives, adverbs or nouns respectively.

Examples

• imeti “to have”, vedeti “to know”, dobiti “to get”
• morati “to must”, moči “to be able to”, postati “to become”
• začeti “to start, iti “to go”, priti “to come”

Conversion from JOS

All verbs with Type=main have been converted to VERB. Additionally, those instances of verb biti with Type=auxiliary that do not bear the PPart dependency relation to a main verb have also been converted to VERB.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

There are 2247 VERB lemmas (14%), 5700 VERB types (19%) and 13031 VERB tokens (10%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 3 in number of types and 4 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: biti, imeti, morati, iti, začeti, priti, moči, vedeti, dobiti, povedati

The 10 most frequent VERB types: je, ima, bilo, ni, gre, imajo, bo, so, mora, bila

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: biti (AUX 8949, VERB 875), peti (ADJ 7, VERB 4)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (AUX 3703, VERB 332, PRON 13), bilo (VERB 112, AUX 106), ni (AUX 345, VERB 93), bo (AUX 438, VERB 66), so (AUX 1362, VERB 62), mora (VERB 48, NOUN 2), bila (AUX 187, VERB 44), pomeni (VERB 39, NOUN 1), bil (AUX 196, VERB 34), pravi (VERB 29, ADJ 21)

• je
  • AUX 3703: Stala je milijardo tolarjev in dvesto petdeset milijonov .
  • VERB 332: In to je način našega informiranja , da vemo , kako je z nami .
  • PRON 13: Opazil je novo jahto , ki je prejšnji dan še ni bilo v pristanišču .
• bilo
  • VERB 112: Če te ne bi bilo , ne bi pomagal niti izredno ugoden splet okoliščin .
  • AUX 106: Lahko bi bilo prav romantično . . .
• ni
  • AUX 345: S tem nikakor ni zmanjšan pomen enotne volje državljanov Slovenije .
  • VERB 93: Tega v vašem koledarju ni .
• bo
  • AUX 438: Naj bo tako , čeprav vas nihče ne bo podpiral , in daleč boste prišli .
  • VERB 66: Naj bo tako , čeprav vas nihče ne bo podpiral , in daleč boste prišli .
• so
  • AUX 1362: Za zadovoljitev pomembne želje so pripravljeni vložiti več truda .
  • VERB 62: V tej skupini so cukete , patišoni in druge poletne oblike .
• mora
  • VERB 48: Smreka se dotika stropa in oče mora odrezati vrh .
  • NOUN 2: Bila pa sem prava mora za sodnike , saj sem igrala zelo počasi .
• bila
  • AUX 187: S tem naj bi bila zagotovljena objektivnost .
  • VERB 44: Na zaslonu je bila panorama Manhattna .
• pomeni
  • VERB 39: Ali to pomeni , da nanjo ne misli več ?
  • NOUN 1: Razlogi za veselje se od zgodnjega otroštva do mladostništva spreminjajo , saj se spreminjajo tudi pomeni , ki jih posamezniki pripisujejo določenemu dogajanju .
• bil
  • AUX 196: Toda bil sem suh , poleg tega pa se je poročila sestrična .
  • VERB 34: Med njimi je bil tudi kolumbijski policist Jajiro Cardenas .
• pravi
  • VERB 29: Že star rek pravi , da zdravnik pomaga , narava pa pozdravi .
  • ADJ 21: Zanje so vojaki iz mirovnih enot pravi bogataši .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 2.536716 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.870691).

The 1st highest number of forms (28) was observed with the lemma “biti”: Sva, bi, bijejo, bil, bila, bile, bili, bilo, biti, bla, blo, bo, bodo, bom, boste, je, ni, nisem, nisi, nismo, niso, niste, sem, si, smo, so, sta, ste.

The 2nd highest number of forms (21) was observed with the lemma “imeti”: ima, imajo, imam, imamo, imata, imate, imava, imaš, imejte, imel, imela, imele, imeli, imelo, imeti, nima, nimajo, nimam, nimamo, nimate, nimaš.

The 3rd highest number of forms (17) was observed with the lemma “hoteti”: Hočeš, Nočemo, hotel, hotela, hotele, hoteli, hoče, hočejo, hočem, hočemo, hočeta, hočete, noče, nočejo, nočem, nočete, nočeš.

VERB occurs with 8 features: sl-feat/VerbForm (13031; 100% instances), sl-feat/Number (11811; 91% instances), sl-feat/Aspect (11189; 86% instances), sl-feat/Gender (6228; 48% instances), sl-feat/Mood (5584; 43% instances), sl-feat/Person (5583; 43% instances), sl-feat/Tense (5328; 41% instances), sl-feat/Polarity (978; 8% instances)

VERB occurs with 22 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Polarity=Neg, Polarity=Pos, Tense=Fut, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Sup

VERB occurs with 104 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Part (1391 tokens). Examples: povedal, dejal, rekel, postal, začel, dobil, prišel, odločil, napisal, pogledal

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 9 different relations: sl-dep/root (5597; 43% instances), sl-dep/acl (1788; 14% instances), sl-dep/conj (1407; 11% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (1101; 8% instances), sl-dep/advcl (980; 8% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (870; 7% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (816; 6% instances), sl-dep/csubj (468; 4% instances), sl-dep/fixed (4; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: ROOT (5597; 43% instances), VERB (4802; 37% instances), NOUN (1674; 13% instances), ADJ (666; 5% instances), DET (168; 1% instances), PROPN (91; 1% instances), PRON (20; 0% instances), NUM (9; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances)

54 (0%) VERB nodes are leaves.

378 (3%) VERB nodes have one child.

1117 (9%) VERB nodes have two children.

11482 (88%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 12.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 21 different relations: sl-dep/punct (11578; 20% instances), sl-dep/obl (7632; 13% instances), sl-dep/advmod (7602; 13% instances), sl-dep/obj (6170; 11% instances), sl-dep/aux (5787; 10% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (4968; 9% instances), sl-dep/mark (3505; 6% instances), sl-dep/expl (2063; 4% instances), sl-dep/cc (1687; 3% instances), sl-dep/conj (1344; 2% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (1178; 2% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (1059; 2% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (1019; 2% instances), sl-dep/advcl (990; 2% instances), sl-dep/iobj (555; 1% instances), sl-dep/csubj (257; 0% instances), sl-dep/discourse (46; 0% instances), sl-dep/dep (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/nmod (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (1; 0% instances), sl-dep/fixed (1; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (14561; 25% instances), PUNCT (11578; 20% instances), AUX (5779; 10% instances), VERB (4802; 8% instances), PRON (4471; 8% instances), ADV (3963; 7% instances), SCONJ (3307; 6% instances), PART (2879; 5% instances), CCONJ (2457; 4% instances), PROPN (1410; 2% instances), DET (1093; 2% instances), ADJ (972; 2% instances), NUM (130; 0% instances), X (29; 0% instances), ADP (12; 0% instances), INTJ (11; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)

There are 570 VERB lemmas (18%), 1084 VERB types (23%) and 2581 VERB tokens (13%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 2 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 1 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: biti, imeti, vedeti, iti, reči, misliti, dati, videti, priti, morati

The 10 most frequent VERB types: je, veš, vem, mislim, bilo, ni, recimo, so, ima, bo

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: biti (AUX 1267, VERB 449), peti (ADJ 5, VERB 2)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (AUX 461, VERB 196, INTJ 2, PRON 2), mislim (VERB 53, NOUN 1), bilo (VERB 36, AUX 14), ni (AUX 44, VERB 36), so (AUX 135, VERB 29, X 2), bo (AUX 65, VERB 22), bil (AUX 25, VERB 21), pravi (VERB 18, ADJ 1), si (AUX 34, PRON 33, VERB 16), bom (AUX 15, VERB 14)

• je
  • AUX 461: ja lionizem je tudi morda največja socialna mreža v svetu
  • VERB 196: na vrhu je tako kot si rekla en šef lahko sta tudi dva
  • INTJ 2: veš kadar sem prišel v maribor ne je zdaj pa macdonald’s tu ne je zdaj pa bom jaz tu non stop ne ja ja prvi prvi dan sem že šel ne pa te naslednji teden teden sem tudi šel pa za mesec dni sem tudi hodil pa non stop sem hodil zdaj pa niti ne povoham ga dokler grem mimo ker mi je totalno out no eh hodi v pizdo [gap]
  • PRON 2: sploh če je ne prebereš mislim tako da jo prebereš
• mislim
  • VERB 53: sploh če je ne prebereš mislim tako da jo prebereš
  • NOUN 1: ful je bilo vroče mislim krakow je ful lep šla sva čisto na slepo
• bilo
  • VERB 36: dvajset vojakov je bilo
  • AUX 14: o tem se sploh nismo pogovarjali in to ni bilo javno vprašanje
• ni
  • AUX 44: avtor ni znan
  • VERB 36: zdaj mogoče to ni treba vsepovsod
• so
  • AUX 135: in spodaj so vsi komentini malo istrijani malo po hrvaško
  • VERB 29: a so
  • X 2: genau wo ist den das ? ach so da
• bo
  • AUX 65: eee to se bo očitno razmahnilo
  • VERB 22: polmer bo treba izračunati ne
• bil
  • AUX 25: eee nenazadnje eee je bil sprejet v državnem zboru
  • VERB 21: aja oni je bil tu v zrečah nekaj pri eni teti ali kako
• pravi
  • VERB 18: se pravi tukaj si boste zapisovali vzorce en dva tri štiri pet
  • ADJ 1: ampak eee skratka si pravi kleni pohorec kako se pa štekate z onimi savinjčani ?
• si
  • AUX 34: na vrhu je tako kot si rekla en šef lahko sta tudi dva
  • PRON 33: se pravi tukaj si boste zapisovali vzorce en dva tri štiri pet
  • VERB 16: si ?
• bom
  • AUX 15: eee in je rekla je rekla bom jaz probala pravi
  • VERB 14: ti bom jaz jutri na [gap] tule na računalniku

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 1.901754 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.494596).

The 1st highest number of forms (28) was observed with the lemma “biti”: bi, bil, bila, bile, bili, bilo, biti, bo, bodo, bojo, bom, bomo, bosta, bova, boš, je, ni, nisem, nismo, niso, niste, sem, si, smo, so, sta, ste, sva.

The 2nd highest number of forms (18) was observed with the lemma “imeti”: ima, imajo, imam, imamo, imata, imate, imaš, imejte, imel, imela, imele, imeli, imeti, nima, nimajo, nimam, nimamo, nimaš.

The 3rd highest number of forms (16) was observed with the lemma “iti”: gre, gredo, grejo, grem, gremo, gresta, greste, greš, idem, iti, pojdi, šel, šla, šle, šli, šlo.

VERB occurs with 8 features: sl-feat/VerbForm (2581; 100% instances), sl-feat/Number (2421; 94% instances), sl-feat/Aspect (1874; 73% instances), sl-feat/Mood (1652; 64% instances), sl-feat/Person (1645; 64% instances), sl-feat/Tense (1507; 58% instances), sl-feat/Gender (776; 30% instances), sl-feat/Polarity (499; 19% instances)

VERB occurs with 22 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Polarity=Neg, Polarity=Pos, Tense=Fut, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Sup

VERB occurs with 90 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (197 tokens). Examples: zdi, more, mora, drži, govori, piše, teče, ve, hodi, stoji

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: sl-dep/root (1000; 39% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (438; 17% instances), sl-dep/conj (226; 9% instances), sl-dep/advcl (184; 7% instances), sl-dep/acl (169; 7% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:discourse (143; 6% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (138; 5% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (115; 4% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (53; 2% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:restart (50; 2% instances), sl-dep/csubj (45; 2% instances), sl-dep/fixed (12; 0% instances), sl-dep/conj:extend (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (4; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: VERB (1088; 42% instances), ROOT (1000; 39% instances), NOUN (242; 9% instances), ADJ (81; 3% instances), DET (61; 2% instances), ADV (47; 2% instances), PRON (28; 1% instances), PROPN (12; 0% instances), NUM (8; 0% instances), PART (5; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)

198 (8%) VERB nodes are leaves.

251 (10%) VERB nodes have one child.

414 (16%) VERB nodes have two children.

1718 (67%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 14.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 31 different relations: sl-dep/advmod (1862; 20% instances), sl-dep/obj (847; 9% instances), sl-dep/obl (793; 9% instances), sl-dep/aux (728; 8% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (727; 8% instances), sl-dep/discourse (626; 7% instances), sl-dep/mark (577; 6% instances), sl-dep/punct (549; 6% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (452; 5% instances), sl-dep/cc (395; 4% instances), sl-dep/expl (294; 3% instances), sl-dep/conj (232; 3% instances), sl-dep/discourse:filler (226; 2% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (184; 2% instances), sl-dep/advcl (156; 2% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (156; 2% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (139; 1% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:discourse (90; 1% instances), sl-dep/iobj (60; 1% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:restart (47; 1% instances), sl-dep/vocative (34; 0% instances), sl-dep/csubj (31; 0% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (27; 0% instances), sl-dep/conj:extend (19; 0% instances), sl-dep/case (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/acl (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/cop (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/det (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/fixed (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/nummod (2; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (1368; 15% instances), ADV (1182; 13% instances), VERB (1088; 12% instances), PART (1064; 11% instances), PRON (918; 10% instances), AUX (758; 8% instances), CCONJ (574; 6% instances), SCONJ (562; 6% instances), X (423; 5% instances), DET (411; 4% instances), INTJ (294; 3% instances), PUNCT (197; 2% instances), ADJ (185; 2% instances), PROPN (181; 2% instances), NUM (53; 1% instances), ADP (17; 0% instances)

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VERB in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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