VERB
: verb
Definition
A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words typically denoting events and actions, constituting a minimal predicate in a clause, governing the number and types of dependents which may occur in the clause. In Italian verbs are associated with the following grammatical categories: tense, mood and voice, which can either be expressed inflectionally or using auxilliary verbs or particles.
Note that the VERB
tag covers main verbs (content verbs) and copulas but it does not cover auxiliary verbs, for which the AUX tag is used.
Participles used as adjectives are classified as ADJ.
Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags
V: Main verb
Examples
- correre “run”, mangiare “eat”
- corse, mangiò
- correndo, mangiando
- è stata mangiata
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 2173 VERB
lemmas (11%), 7813 VERB
types (27%) and 24461 VERB
tokens (9%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of VERB
is: 4 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent VERB
lemmas: avere, fare, essere, vedere, dire, trovare, chiamare, andare, dare, tenere
The 10 most frequent VERB
types: ha, è, hanno, fare, fatto, far, trova, sono, visto, fa
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: avere (AUX 2080, VERB 809), fare (VERB 798, AUX 8, ADV 1), essere (AUX 6712, VERB 627, NOUN 15, CCONJ 1), andare (VERB 184, AUX 31), scrivere (VERB 134, ADJ 1), sapere (VERB 123, AUX 4), parlare (VERB 119, ADJ 1), prevedere (VERB 104, NOUN 1), venire (AUX 362, VERB 79), continuare (VERB 76, ADJ 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ha (AUX 1027, VERB 324), è (AUX 3036, VERB 266), hanno (AUX 420, VERB 148), fatto (VERB 138, NOUN 72, AUX 1), far (VERB 133, AUX 1), sono (AUX 1012, VERB 128), visto (VERB 109, NOUN 4), fa (VERB 96, ADV 70, ADJ 8, AUX 2), avere (VERB 59, AUX 11), detto (VERB 55, ADJ 1)
- ha
- è
- hanno
- fatto
- far
- sono
- visto
- fa
- VERB 96: la stessa che fa anche stendere su il pavimento pelli di tigre .
- ADV 70: 420 milioni di anni fa , esisteva questo organismo .
- ADJ 8: Arrivarono 1,3 miliardi di anni fa , centinaia di milioni di anni prima di le prime piante .
- AUX 2: Le parole di le sue canzoni sono poetiche e la musica è particolare : emoziona e fa anche sorridere .
- avere
- detto
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of VERB
is 3.595490 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.485733).
The 1st highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “fare”: Farei, Fat, fa, faccia, facciamo, facciano, facciate, faccio, facendo, facente, facenti, facesse, facessero, faceva, facevano, fai, fanno, far, faranno, fare, farebbe, faremo, farà, farò, fate, fatta, fatte, fatti, fatto, fece, fecero.
The 2nd highest number of forms (30) was observed with the lemma “avere”: Avremo, abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, avendo, avente, aventi, aver, avere, avesse, avete, aveva, avevamo, avevano, avevo, avranno, avrebbe, avrebbero, avreste, avrete, avrà, avrò, avuta, avuto, ebbe, ebbero, ha, hai, hanno, ho.
The 3rd highest number of forms (30) was observed with the lemma “vedere”: Vedrete, v., veda, vedano, vede, vedemmo, vedendo, veder, vedere, vedesse, vedessero, vedete, vedeva, vedevano, vedevo, vedi, vediamo, vedo, vedono, vedrai, vedranno, vedremo, vedrà, vedrò, vide, videro, vista, viste, visti, visto.
VERB
occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (24461; 100% instances), it-feat/Tense (18391; 75% instances), it-feat/Number (18388; 75% instances), it-feat/Mood (9932; 41% instances), it-feat/Person (9931; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (8098; 33% instances)
VERB
occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Mood=Cnd
, Mood=Imp
, Mood=Ind
, Mood=Sub
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
, Tense=Fut
, Tense=Imp
, Tense=Past
, Tense=Pres
, VerbForm=Fin
, VerbForm=Ger
, VerbForm=Inf
, VerbForm=Part
VERB
occurs with 54 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is VerbForm=Inf
(5395 tokens).
Examples: fare, far, vedere, avere, dire, dare, chiedere, andare, pagare, usare
Relations
VERB
nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: it-dep/root (9247; 38% instances), it-dep/acl (3335; 14% instances), it-dep/advcl (3296; 13% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (2829; 12% instances), it-dep/conj (2570; 11% instances), it-dep/xcomp (1246; 5% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1175; 5% instances), it-dep/parataxis (325; 1% instances), it-dep/csubj (293; 1% instances), it-dep/obl (75; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (36; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj (13; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (6; 0% instances), it-dep/obj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (2; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/case (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)
Parents of VERB
nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: ROOT (9247; 38% instances), VERB (7543; 31% instances), NOUN (5848; 24% instances), ADJ (722; 3% instances), PRON (578; 2% instances), PROPN (385; 2% instances), ADV (77; 0% instances), NUM (22; 0% instances), AUX (7; 0% instances), X (7; 0% instances), DET (6; 0% instances), INTJ (6; 0% instances), PUNCT (4; 0% instances), SCONJ (4; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), SYM (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (1; 0% instances)
620 (3%) VERB
nodes are leaves.
2621 (11%) VERB
nodes have one child.
4269 (17%) VERB
nodes have two children.
16951 (69%) VERB
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a VERB
node is 13.
Children of VERB
nodes are attached using 36 different relations: it-dep/punct (14624; 17% instances), it-dep/obl (14228; 17% instances), it-dep/obj (9632; 11% instances), it-dep/nsubj (9607; 11% instances), it-dep/advmod (5832; 7% instances), it-dep/mark (5451; 6% instances), it-dep/aux (5425; 6% instances), it-dep/advcl (2776; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (2497; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (2442; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (2181; 3% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (2103; 2% instances), it-dep/xcomp (2062; 2% instances), it-dep/expl (2061; 2% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1258; 1% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (1077; 1% instances), it-dep/iobj (643; 1% instances), it-dep/nummod (480; 1% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (398; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (363; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (234; 0% instances), it-dep/amod (168; 0% instances), it-dep/det (151; 0% instances), it-dep/case (115; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (113; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (74; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (38; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (32; 0% instances), it-dep/dislocated (28; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (12; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (12; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (4; 0% instances), it-dep/det:poss (4; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (1; 0% instances)
Children of VERB
nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (27565; 32% instances), PUNCT (14624; 17% instances), PRON (8791; 10% instances), AUX (7559; 9% instances), VERB (7543; 9% instances), ADV (6016; 7% instances), PROPN (3701; 4% instances), ADP (3178; 4% instances), CCONJ (2437; 3% instances), SCONJ (2286; 3% instances), ADJ (1111; 1% instances), NUM (1049; 1% instances), DET (156; 0% instances), SYM (49; 0% instances), INTJ (37; 0% instances), X (34; 0% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian-ParTUT)
There are 887 VERB
lemmas (16%), 2197 VERB
types (28%) and 3616 VERB
tokens (8%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of VERB
is: 3 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent VERB
lemmas: avere, fare, essere, scrivere, considerare, dare, rappresentare, creare, rendere, tenere
The 10 most frequent VERB
types: ha, è, scrisse, hanno, far, fare, garantire, considerato, rappresenta, creare
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: avere (AUX 251, VERB 108), essere (AUX 918, VERB 54, NOUN 4), andare (VERB 14, AUX 9), perdere (VERB 12, PROPN 1), definire (VERB 7, ADJ 1), alimentare (VERB 6, ADJ 5), dovere (AUX 104, VERB 5, NOUN 4), parere (VERB 5, NOUN 2), stare (AUX 27, VERB 5), venire (AUX 46, VERB 4)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ha (AUX 99, VERB 31), è (AUX 288, VERB 26), hanno (AUX 60, VERB 20), fatto (NOUN 19, VERB 12), dato (VERB 8, ADJ 1), fa (ADJ 9, VERB 8), sono (AUX 134, VERB 8), continua (VERB 6, ADJ 3), data (NOUN 11, VERB 5, ADJ 2), credo (NOUN 5, VERB 2)
- ha
- è
- hanno
- fatto
- dato
- VERB 8: Lei non mi ha dato la parola .
- ADJ 1: L’ importanza di la sicurezza di i trasporti stradali , ferroviari e per vie navigabili interne è indubbia e dato il carattere internazionale di questo tipo di trasporti , anche i corsi di formazione per i consulenti per la sicurezza devono essere armonizzati , come , ad esempio , per il prossimo nuovo ADR .
- fa
- sono
- continua
- VERB 6: Le zanzare maschio non mordono quindi non rappresentano alcun rischio per la salute e dato che le loro progenie muoiono nessuna zanzara geneticamente modificata continua a vivere in l’ ambiente .
- ADJ 3: Molte di le opere di Balzac sono state trasformate o hanno ispirato dei film , e sono continua fonte di ispirazione per scrittori , registi e critici .
- data
- credo
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of VERB
is 2.476888 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.446672).
The 1st highest number of forms (23) was observed with the lemma “avere”: abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, avendo, aventi, aver, avere, avesse, aveva, avevano, avranno, avrebbero, avrete, avrà, avrò, avuta, avuto, ebbe, ebbero, ha, hai, hanno, ho.
The 2nd highest number of forms (18) was observed with the lemma “fare”: fa, faccia, faccio, facendo, facenti, facesse, facevano, fanno, far, fare, farà, farò, fatta, fatte, fatti, fatto, fece, fecero.
The 3rd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “essere”: erano, esser, essere, fossero, sarebbe, sarebbero, sarà, sia, siamo, sono, stata, stati, è.
VERB
occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (3616; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (2570; 71% instances), it-feat/Tense (2570; 71% instances), it-feat/Mood (1397; 39% instances), it-feat/Person (1396; 39% instances), it-feat/Gender (1101; 30% instances)
VERB
occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Mood=Cnd
, Mood=Imp
, Mood=Ind
, Mood=Sub
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Person=1
, Person=2
, Person=3
, Tense=Fut
, Tense=Imp
, Tense=Past
, Tense=Pres
, VerbForm=Fin
, VerbForm=Ger
, VerbForm=Inf
, VerbForm=Part
VERB
occurs with 43 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is VerbForm=Inf
(913 tokens).
Examples: far, fare, garantire, creare, dare, fornire, aumentare, avere, migliorare, contribuire
Relations
VERB
nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: it-dep/root (1240; 34% instances), it-dep/acl (579; 16% instances), it-dep/advcl (493; 14% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (393; 11% instances), it-dep/conj (373; 10% instances), it-dep/xcomp (223; 6% instances), it-dep/ccomp (204; 6% instances), it-dep/csubj (65; 2% instances), it-dep/obl (21; 1% instances), it-dep/parataxis (16; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (5; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (2; 0% instances), it-dep/flat (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of VERB
nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: ROOT (1240; 34% instances), VERB (1192; 33% instances), NOUN (929; 26% instances), ADJ (132; 4% instances), PRON (85; 2% instances), PROPN (25; 1% instances), ADV (5; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)
116 (3%) VERB
nodes are leaves.
412 (11%) VERB
nodes have one child.
683 (19%) VERB
nodes have two children.
2405 (67%) VERB
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a VERB
node is 11.
Children of VERB
nodes are attached using 34 different relations: it-dep/obl (2070; 17% instances), it-dep/punct (1941; 16% instances), it-dep/obj (1565; 13% instances), it-dep/nsubj (1292; 10% instances), it-dep/mark (945; 8% instances), it-dep/advmod (751; 6% instances), it-dep/aux (661; 5% instances), it-dep/advcl (443; 4% instances), it-dep/cc (386; 3% instances), it-dep/xcomp (367; 3% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (366; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (353; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (317; 3% instances), it-dep/ccomp (238; 2% instances), it-dep/expl (218; 2% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (151; 1% instances), it-dep/iobj (56; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (40; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (37; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (31; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (31; 0% instances), it-dep/det (27; 0% instances), it-dep/case (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (20; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (13; 0% instances), it-dep/amod (10; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (8; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (5; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (4; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (2; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (2; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (1; 0% instances)
Children of VERB
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (4160; 34% instances), PUNCT (1941; 16% instances), VERB (1192; 10% instances), PRON (1090; 9% instances), AUX (1032; 8% instances), ADV (765; 6% instances), ADP (568; 5% instances), PROPN (477; 4% instances), SCONJ (399; 3% instances), CCONJ (386; 3% instances), ADJ (175; 1% instances), NUM (125; 1% instances), DET (27; 0% instances), X (22; 0% instances), SYM (19; 0% instances)
VERB in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]