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VERB: verb

Definition

A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words typically denoting events and actions, constituting a minimal predicate in a clause, governing the number and types of dependents which may occur in the clause. In Italian verbs are associated with the following grammatical categories: tense, mood and voice, which can either be expressed inflectionally or using auxilliary verbs or particles.

Note that the VERB tag covers main verbs (content verbs) and copulas but it does not cover auxiliary verbs, for which the AUX tag is used.

Participles used as adjectives are classified as ADJ.

Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags

V: Main verb

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

There are 2173 VERB lemmas (11%), 7813 VERB types (27%) and 24461 VERB tokens (9%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: avere, fare, essere, vedere, dire, trovare, chiamare, andare, dare, tenere

The 10 most frequent VERB types: ha, è, hanno, fare, fatto, far, trova, sono, visto, fa

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: avere (AUX 2080, VERB 809), fare (VERB 798, AUX 8, ADV 1), essere (AUX 6712, VERB 627, NOUN 15, CCONJ 1), andare (VERB 184, AUX 31), scrivere (VERB 134, ADJ 1), sapere (VERB 123, AUX 4), parlare (VERB 119, ADJ 1), prevedere (VERB 104, NOUN 1), venire (AUX 362, VERB 79), continuare (VERB 76, ADJ 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ha (AUX 1027, VERB 324), è (AUX 3036, VERB 266), hanno (AUX 420, VERB 148), fatto (VERB 138, NOUN 72, AUX 1), far (VERB 133, AUX 1), sono (AUX 1012, VERB 128), visto (VERB 109, NOUN 4), fa (VERB 96, ADV 70, ADJ 8, AUX 2), avere (VERB 59, AUX 11), detto (VERB 55, ADJ 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 3.595490 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.485733).

The 1st highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “fare”: Farei, Fat, fa, faccia, facciamo, facciano, facciate, faccio, facendo, facente, facenti, facesse, facessero, faceva, facevano, fai, fanno, far, faranno, fare, farebbe, faremo, farà, farò, fate, fatta, fatte, fatti, fatto, fece, fecero.

The 2nd highest number of forms (30) was observed with the lemma “avere”: Avremo, abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, avendo, avente, aventi, aver, avere, avesse, avete, aveva, avevamo, avevano, avevo, avranno, avrebbe, avrebbero, avreste, avrete, avrà, avrò, avuta, avuto, ebbe, ebbero, ha, hai, hanno, ho.

The 3rd highest number of forms (30) was observed with the lemma “vedere”: Vedrete, v., veda, vedano, vede, vedemmo, vedendo, veder, vedere, vedesse, vedessero, vedete, vedeva, vedevano, vedevo, vedi, vediamo, vedo, vedono, vedrai, vedranno, vedremo, vedrà, vedrò, vide, videro, vista, viste, visti, visto.

VERB occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (24461; 100% instances), it-feat/Tense (18391; 75% instances), it-feat/Number (18388; 75% instances), it-feat/Mood (9932; 41% instances), it-feat/Person (9931; 41% instances), it-feat/Gender (8098; 33% instances)

VERB occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Ger, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part

VERB occurs with 54 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is VerbForm=Inf (5395 tokens). Examples: fare, far, vedere, avere, dire, dare, chiedere, andare, pagare, usare

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: it-dep/root (9247; 38% instances), it-dep/acl (3335; 14% instances), it-dep/advcl (3296; 13% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (2829; 12% instances), it-dep/conj (2570; 11% instances), it-dep/xcomp (1246; 5% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1175; 5% instances), it-dep/parataxis (325; 1% instances), it-dep/csubj (293; 1% instances), it-dep/obl (75; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (36; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj (13; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (6; 0% instances), it-dep/obj (5; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (2; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (2; 0% instances), it-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/case (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: ROOT (9247; 38% instances), VERB (7543; 31% instances), NOUN (5848; 24% instances), ADJ (722; 3% instances), PRON (578; 2% instances), PROPN (385; 2% instances), ADV (77; 0% instances), NUM (22; 0% instances), AUX (7; 0% instances), X (7; 0% instances), DET (6; 0% instances), INTJ (6; 0% instances), PUNCT (4; 0% instances), SCONJ (4; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), SYM (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (1; 0% instances)

620 (3%) VERB nodes are leaves.

2621 (11%) VERB nodes have one child.

4269 (17%) VERB nodes have two children.

16951 (69%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 13.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 36 different relations: it-dep/punct (14624; 17% instances), it-dep/obl (14228; 17% instances), it-dep/obj (9632; 11% instances), it-dep/nsubj (9607; 11% instances), it-dep/advmod (5832; 7% instances), it-dep/mark (5451; 6% instances), it-dep/aux (5425; 6% instances), it-dep/advcl (2776; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (2497; 3% instances), it-dep/cc (2442; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (2181; 3% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (2103; 2% instances), it-dep/xcomp (2062; 2% instances), it-dep/expl (2061; 2% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1258; 1% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (1077; 1% instances), it-dep/iobj (643; 1% instances), it-dep/nummod (480; 1% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (398; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (363; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (234; 0% instances), it-dep/amod (168; 0% instances), it-dep/det (151; 0% instances), it-dep/case (115; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (113; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (74; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (38; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (32; 0% instances), it-dep/dislocated (28; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (12; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (12; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (4; 0% instances), it-dep/det:poss (4; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/det:predet (1; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: NOUN (27565; 32% instances), PUNCT (14624; 17% instances), PRON (8791; 10% instances), AUX (7559; 9% instances), VERB (7543; 9% instances), ADV (6016; 7% instances), PROPN (3701; 4% instances), ADP (3178; 4% instances), CCONJ (2437; 3% instances), SCONJ (2286; 3% instances), ADJ (1111; 1% instances), NUM (1049; 1% instances), DET (156; 0% instances), SYM (49; 0% instances), INTJ (37; 0% instances), X (34; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian-ParTUT)

There are 887 VERB lemmas (16%), 2197 VERB types (28%) and 3616 VERB tokens (8%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 3 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: avere, fare, essere, scrivere, considerare, dare, rappresentare, creare, rendere, tenere

The 10 most frequent VERB types: ha, è, scrisse, hanno, far, fare, garantire, considerato, rappresenta, creare

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: avere (AUX 251, VERB 108), essere (AUX 918, VERB 54, NOUN 4), andare (VERB 14, AUX 9), perdere (VERB 12, PROPN 1), definire (VERB 7, ADJ 1), alimentare (VERB 6, ADJ 5), dovere (AUX 104, VERB 5, NOUN 4), parere (VERB 5, NOUN 2), stare (AUX 27, VERB 5), venire (AUX 46, VERB 4)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ha (AUX 99, VERB 31), è (AUX 288, VERB 26), hanno (AUX 60, VERB 20), fatto (NOUN 19, VERB 12), dato (VERB 8, ADJ 1), fa (ADJ 9, VERB 8), sono (AUX 134, VERB 8), continua (VERB 6, ADJ 3), data (NOUN 11, VERB 5, ADJ 2), credo (NOUN 5, VERB 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 2.476888 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.446672).

The 1st highest number of forms (23) was observed with the lemma “avere”: abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, avendo, aventi, aver, avere, avesse, aveva, avevano, avranno, avrebbero, avrete, avrà, avrò, avuta, avuto, ebbe, ebbero, ha, hai, hanno, ho.

The 2nd highest number of forms (18) was observed with the lemma “fare”: fa, faccia, faccio, facendo, facenti, facesse, facevano, fanno, far, fare, farà, farò, fatta, fatte, fatti, fatto, fece, fecero.

The 3rd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “essere”: erano, esser, essere, fossero, sarebbe, sarebbero, sarà, sia, siamo, sono, stata, stati, è.

VERB occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (3616; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (2570; 71% instances), it-feat/Tense (2570; 71% instances), it-feat/Mood (1397; 39% instances), it-feat/Person (1396; 39% instances), it-feat/Gender (1101; 30% instances)

VERB occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Ger, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part

VERB occurs with 43 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is VerbForm=Inf (913 tokens). Examples: far, fare, garantire, creare, dare, fornire, aumentare, avere, migliorare, contribuire

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: it-dep/root (1240; 34% instances), it-dep/acl (579; 16% instances), it-dep/advcl (493; 14% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (393; 11% instances), it-dep/conj (373; 10% instances), it-dep/xcomp (223; 6% instances), it-dep/ccomp (204; 6% instances), it-dep/csubj (65; 2% instances), it-dep/obl (21; 1% instances), it-dep/parataxis (16; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (5; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (2; 0% instances), it-dep/flat (1; 0% instances), it-dep/nsubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: ROOT (1240; 34% instances), VERB (1192; 33% instances), NOUN (929; 26% instances), ADJ (132; 4% instances), PRON (85; 2% instances), PROPN (25; 1% instances), ADV (5; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)

116 (3%) VERB nodes are leaves.

412 (11%) VERB nodes have one child.

683 (19%) VERB nodes have two children.

2405 (67%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 11.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 34 different relations: it-dep/obl (2070; 17% instances), it-dep/punct (1941; 16% instances), it-dep/obj (1565; 13% instances), it-dep/nsubj (1292; 10% instances), it-dep/mark (945; 8% instances), it-dep/advmod (751; 6% instances), it-dep/aux (661; 5% instances), it-dep/advcl (443; 4% instances), it-dep/cc (386; 3% instances), it-dep/xcomp (367; 3% instances), it-dep/aux:pass (366; 3% instances), it-dep/conj (353; 3% instances), it-dep/nsubj:pass (317; 3% instances), it-dep/ccomp (238; 2% instances), it-dep/expl (218; 2% instances), it-dep/obl:agent (151; 1% instances), it-dep/iobj (56; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (40; 0% instances), it-dep/vocative (37; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (31; 0% instances), it-dep/nmod (31; 0% instances), it-dep/det (27; 0% instances), it-dep/case (25; 0% instances), it-dep/nummod (20; 0% instances), it-dep/parataxis (13; 0% instances), it-dep/amod (10; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj:pass (8; 0% instances), it-dep/cop (5; 0% instances), it-dep/appos (4; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (2; 0% instances), it-dep/dep (2; 0% instances), it-dep/discourse (1; 0% instances), it-dep/expl:pass (1; 0% instances), it-dep/fixed (1; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (4160; 34% instances), PUNCT (1941; 16% instances), VERB (1192; 10% instances), PRON (1090; 9% instances), AUX (1032; 8% instances), ADV (765; 6% instances), ADP (568; 5% instances), PROPN (477; 4% instances), SCONJ (399; 3% instances), CCONJ (386; 3% instances), ADJ (175; 1% instances), NUM (125; 1% instances), DET (27; 0% instances), X (22; 0% instances), SYM (19; 0% instances)


VERB in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]