VERB: verb
Description
Verbs typically inflect for tense and mood. Verbs signal events and actions. Verbs can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.
Irish is a VSO language, thus the verb comes first.
Irish verbs sometimes inflect for person in the form of synthetic verbs. (e.g. ithim “I eat”; ithimid “we eat”)
There are four moods: indicative, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. Tenses include present habitual, simple past, past habitual and future.
There is an autonomous verb form, which most closely correlates to the English passive. However it is not technically a passive form as the subject is “understood” and the nominal argument is an object (e.g. tugadh an liathróid dó “the ball was given to him” (lit. somebody gave the ball to him)).
Copula vs substantive verb ‘to be’
There are two translations of the English verb `to be’ in Irish:
- Copula `is’
- Substantive Verb `bí’
These forms behave very differently syntactically, yet both are labelled with the tag VERB.
copula The copula construction follows a COP PRED SUBJ order. An example of copula use is identity constructions (equating two noun phrases). Is múinteoir é “he is a teacher”. The copula is also part of the frequently used cleft/ fronting construction. These constructions are often used to show emphasis. (e.g. Is leabhar a thug sí dom “It’s a book she gave me”).
substantive bí The substantive verb behaves just like normal Irish verbs. It inflects for person, number and tense. It can never be used for an identity construction with two noun phrases. If it is used for identity, it follows the pattern of Verb NP PP (e.g. tá sé ina mhúinteoir “he is a teacher” (lit. He is in his teacher)) The pattern followed here is: VERB SUBJ PRED
The substantive verb is also used in conjunction with a verbal noun to form progressive aspectual phrases. (e.g. tá sé ag rith “he is running” (lit. he is at running)).
Examples
- D’imigh mé “I left”
- D’imíomar “We left”
- Imím “I leave”
- Imímid “We leave”
- Imeoidh mé “I will leave”
- Imeoimid “We will leave”
- Cuirtear an leabhar ar an mbord “the book was put on the table”
Source: Studies in Irish Syntax. Nancy Stenson (1981), Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Irish)
There are 194 VERB lemmas (7%), 437 VERB types (11%) and 1099 VERB tokens (8%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: bí, déan, tabhair, tar, abair, bain, cuir, faigh, caith, téigh
The 10 most frequent VERB types: bhí, tá, raibh, bhfuil, atá, beidh, bheidh, thug, mbeidh, bíonn
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: tar (VERB 25, ADP 13), bain (VERB 19, ADJ 1), cuir (VERB 19, X 1), faigh (VERB 19, X 1), dar (VERB 6, SCONJ 1), meas (VERB 6, NOUN 6), scríobh (VERB 4, NOUN 2), úsáid (NOUN 6, VERB 4), rith (ADP 5, VERB 3, NOUN 1), crom (VERB 2, ADJ 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: bhfuil (VERB 44, NOUN 1), dar (VERB 3, SCONJ 1), scríobh (VERB 3, NOUN 2), fuil (VERB 2, NOUN 1), rith (ADP 5, VERB 2), Roinne (VERB 1, NOUN 1), ar (ADP 305, PART 9, AUX 7, ADV 6, VERB 1), baineann (ADJ 1, VERB 1), fheadar (NOUN 1, VERB 1), gheall (NOUN 3, VERB 1)
- bhfuil
- dar
- scríobh
- fuil
- VERB 2: Cad ina thaobh ná haithneodh , ná fuil sé do mo mhúineadh ?
- NOUN 1: na difríochtaí ó thaobh airíonna de a tharlaíonn laistigh de speiceas áirithe ; mar shampla , bíonn daoine difriúil ó thaobh dath a gcuid gruaige , a súl agus a gcraicne de agus bíonn siad difriúil ó thaobh méid de freisin athrú gáis go leacht de thoradh fuaraithe : mar shampla , athraíonn an ghal ó chiteal atá ar fiuchadh ina leacht nuair a bhuaileann sí le balla fuar cistine comhthionól ball a thiomáineann fuil ar fud an choirp ; is é ráta cuisle duine fhásta ná thart ar 70 buille in aghaidh an nóiméid , ach bíonn sí i bhfad níos tapúla ag leanbh ; trí ghréasán d’ fhéitheanna a ghluaiseann an fhuil ; fágann an fhuil an croí trí artairí agus filleann sí ar an gcroí trí fhéitheanna achar beag , thart ar mhéadar cearnach de ghnáth , a léiríonn na plandaí go léir a fhásann sa réimse sin ; is féidir ceann a dhéanamh as píosaí sreinge , corda nó adhmaid an ráta ar a gcuirtear obair i gcrích , is é sin , an méid oibre a dhéantar in aghaidh an tsecoind ; is é an watt (W) an t-aonad cumhachta rud ar bith a ghlacann spás agus a bhfuil mais aige ; is féidir mais a thabhairt ar gach uile shubstaint agus ábhar ; úsáidtear na téarmaí solad , leacht agus gás chun cur síos ar thrí staid ábhair ; is féidir staid amháin a thiontú go staid eile trí théamh nó fhuarú dath príomhúil is iad dathanna príomhúla an tsolais ná dearg , uaine agus gorm ; faightear solas geal nuair a mheasctar na trí chineál le chéile go cionchothrom ; nuair a mheasctar dhá dhath phríomhúla le chéile faightear ceann de na dathanna tánaisteacha , leithéidí buí , cian agus magenta ; is iad dathanna príomhúla péinte ná dearg , buí agus gorm .
- rith
- ADP 5: Ar ndóigh bhí an tír suaite go leor i rith an am seo go léir .
- VERB 2: (4) Gach rialachán a déanfar fén alt so leagfar é fé bhráid gach Tighe den Oireachtas chó luath agus is féidir é tar éis a dhéanta agus má dhineann aon Tigh acu san laistigh den lá is fiche a shuidhfidh an Tigh sin ina dhiaidh sin rún do rith ag cur an rialacháin sin ar nea-mbrí beidh an rialachán san ar nea-mbrí dá réir sin ach beidh san gan dochar do dhleathacht éinní a dineadh roimhe sin fén rialachán san .
- Roinne
- VERB 1: Tá sé briste as a phost gan tuilleadh moille mar gheall ar cheist polasaí atá leagtha síos ag eagraíocht nach bhfuil ceaptha ag an Stát ná ag aon eagraíocht Stáit .i. An Foras Pátrúnachta , dream nach bhfuil d’ údarás acu labhairt thar ceann na Roinne Oideachais , thar ceann Gaelscoileanna ná thar ceann Foras na Gaeilge ‘ , a deir an tUas Ó Cuinneagáin .
- NOUN 1: ’ Tá an tOrdú dá dtagraítear thuas déanta ag Noel Tracy , An tAire Stáit sa Roinn Fiontar , Trádála agus Fostaíochta i bhfeidhmiú na gcumhachtaí a dtugtar dó faoi alt 3 (3) d’ Acht na gCuideachtaí , 1990 ( Uimh. 33 de 1990 ) arna oiriúnú ag an Ordú Fiontar agus Fostaíochta ( Athrú ar Ainm na Roinne agus ar Theideal an Aire ) , 1997 ( I.R. Uimh. 305 de 1997 ) , agus ag an Ordú Fiontar , Trádála agus Fostaíochta ( Tarmligean Feidhmeanna Aireachta ) , 1998 ( I.R. Uimh. 265 de 1998 ) .
- ar
- ADP 305: ’ Cén diabhal útamála atá ar siúl ansin thíos ?
- PART 9: Féadfaidh aon pháirtí ar theip ar a chuid aighneachtaí go hiomlán nó go páirteach a leithéid sin d’ achomharc a dhéanamh .
- AUX 7: Iarrtar ar an Choimisiún an méid atá bainte amach ag an Ghaeilge a dhaingniú agus go mbeadh an ceart ag daoine ar sheirbhísí poiblí uile trí mheán na Gaeilge .
- ADV 6: Bhíodh tithe aitheantais acu ag gabháil ann , ag teacht ar ais agus ag ceann scríbe .
- VERB 1: ’ Maróidh tú uilig mé , ‘ ar sé .
- baineann
- ADJ 1: an cairpéal ( baineann ) agus an staimín ( fireann ) ; is iad codanna an chairpéil an stiogma , an stíl agus an tsíollann ; is iad an t-antar agus an fasc codanna an staimín ; cuidíonn na piotail , a bhíonn dathannach de ghnáth , chun feithidí a mhealladh chun an bhlátha chun é a phailniú ; cosnaíonn na siopail , a bhíonn glas de ghnáth agus a luíonn lasmuigh de na piotail , an bláth agus é ina bhachlóg .
- VERB 1: Is leis na scáileanna a chaitheann réada faoi sholas na gréine is mó a bheimid ag plé anseo , ach baineann na prionsabail chéanna leis an solas saorga .
- fheadar
- NOUN 1: Ní fheadar cén fáth nár tugadh an liathróid do na cúil níos luaithe sa lae nuair a bhí sé soiléir go raibh an lámh in uachtar ag tosaithe na Fraince .
- VERB 1: Chuirfeadh sé seo spás níos fearr ar fáil do na leanaí agus don mhúinteoir ‘ Is dócha go bhfuil céad éigin litir scríofa againn agus n’ fheadar cad é an méid glaoch gutháin atá déanta ach níl fachta againn go dtí seo ach oifigiúlacht agus constaicí gan dealramh .
- gheall
- NOUN 3: Is deacair treo na gaoithe a mheas ar uairibh , sa ghnáthgharraí cúil sa bhaile go háirithe , mar gheall ar na foirgnimh agus na crainn mórthimpeall .
- VERB 1: IS É IS PAITRIARC ann , duine ar oibrigh cumhacht Dé tríd chun an cine daonna a shlánú , duine ar gheall Dia dó bheith páirteach in obair an tslánaithe sin .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 2.252577 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.393750).
The 1st highest number of forms (33) was observed with the lemma “bí”: Bhíomar, Tá’s, Táimid, atá, atáimse, beadh, beidh, bheadh, bheidh, bheidís, bheifeá, bheimid, bhfuil, bhfuilimid, bhí, bhíodar, bhíodh, bhíonn, bhíos, bíonn, fuil, mbeadh, mbeidh, mbeifear, mbeinn, mbínn, mbíodh, mbíonn, níl, rabhas, rabhthas, raibh, tá.
The 2nd highest number of forms (26) was observed with the lemma “déan”: Dhein, Déantar, dhineann, dhéan, dhéanadh, dhéananna, dhéanfadh, dhéanfaidh, dhéanfar, dhéantar, dineadh, dintar, déan, déanaim, déanann, déanfaidh, déanfar, déanfidh, ndearna, ndintar, ndéanann, ndéanfaidh, ndéanfar, ndéantar, rinne, rinneadh.
The 3rd highest number of forms (14) was observed with the lemma “cuir”: Chuirfeadh, Chuiridís, Cuireann, Cuirtear, chuir, chuireann, chuirtí, cuireadh, cuirfidh, cuirfí, gcuireadh, gcuirfeadh, gcuirfí, gcuirtear.
VERB occurs with 12 features: ga-feat/Mood (1070; 97% instances), ga-feat/Tense (976; 89% instances), ga-feat/Form (650; 59% instances), ga-feat/Voice (143; 13% instances), ga-feat/Polarity (75; 7% instances), ga-feat/Number (64; 6% instances), ga-feat/Person (63; 6% instances), ga-feat/PronType (46; 4% instances), ga-feat/Case (1; 0% instances), ga-feat/Dialect (1; 0% instances), ga-feat/Foreign (1; 0% instances), ga-feat/Gender (1; 0% instances)
VERB occurs with 22 feature-value pairs: Case=NomAcc, Dialect=Munster, Foreign=Yes, Form=Ecl, Form=Emp, Form=Len, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Polarity=Neg, PronType=Rel, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, Voice=Auto
VERB occurs with 81 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Form=Len|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past (269 tokens).
Examples: bhí, thug, tháinig, chaith, chuaigh, bhain, chonaic, chuir, fhéach, scríobh
Relations
VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 12 different relations: ga-dep/root (374; 34% instances), ga-dep/acl:relcl (252; 23% instances), ga-dep/advcl (133; 12% instances), ga-dep/ccomp (117; 11% instances), ga-dep/conj (99; 9% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cleft (68; 6% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cop (25; 2% instances), ga-dep/xcomp (14; 1% instances), ga-dep/parataxis (10; 1% instances), ga-dep/nmod (5; 0% instances), ga-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/obl (1; 0% instances)
Parents of VERB nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: ROOT (374; 34% instances), NOUN (324; 29% instances), VERB (280; 25% instances), ADJ (33; 3% instances), ADP (32; 3% instances), PRON (21; 2% instances), SCONJ (12; 1% instances), CCONJ (6; 1% instances), PROPN (6; 1% instances), X (4; 0% instances), ADV (3; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), PART (1; 0% instances)
2 (0%) VERB nodes are leaves.
35 (3%) VERB nodes have one child.
159 (14%) VERB nodes have two children.
903 (82%) VERB nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a VERB node is 17.
Children of VERB nodes are attached using 29 different relations: ga-dep/nsubj (799; 19% instances), ga-dep/obl (617; 15% instances), ga-dep/punct (570; 14% instances), ga-dep/obj (320; 8% instances), ga-dep/mark:prt (301; 7% instances), ga-dep/xcomp:pred (279; 7% instances), ga-dep/advmod (247; 6% instances), ga-dep/xcomp (226; 5% instances), ga-dep/mark (164; 4% instances), ga-dep/obl:prep (130; 3% instances), ga-dep/ccomp (121; 3% instances), ga-dep/conj (120; 3% instances), ga-dep/advcl (110; 3% instances), ga-dep/cc (95; 2% instances), ga-dep/nummod (22; 1% instances), ga-dep/compound (18; 0% instances), ga-dep/amod (17; 0% instances), ga-dep/obl:tmod (17; 0% instances), ga-dep/case (13; 0% instances), ga-dep/parataxis (9; 0% instances), ga-dep/vocative (5; 0% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cleft (3; 0% instances), ga-dep/det (3; 0% instances), ga-dep/flat:name (3; 0% instances), ga-dep/csubj:cop (2; 0% instances), ga-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/compound:prt (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/cop (1; 0% instances), ga-dep/nmod (1; 0% instances)
Children of VERB nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (1525; 36% instances), PART (577; 14% instances), PUNCT (570; 14% instances), PRON (290; 7% instances), VERB (280; 7% instances), ADP (202; 5% instances), ADJ (180; 4% instances), SCONJ (157; 4% instances), ADV (145; 3% instances), CCONJ (126; 3% instances), PROPN (110; 3% instances), X (30; 1% instances), NUM (15; 0% instances), AUX (5; 0% instances), DET (3; 0% instances)
VERB in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]