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Aspect: aspect

Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed, ongoing etc.

In Turkish a set of verbal morphemes alter the Aspect feature of a verb. These morphemes often affect the Tense and Mood features as well. The mapping between the suffixes and the Aspect values may sometimes be non-trivial.

The following describes the values used for Aspect together with the suffixes typically introduce the defined Aspect value. See tr-overview/special-syntax for the discussion of mapping relevant verbal suffixes to Tense, Aspect and Mood values.

Perf: perfect aspect

The action has been / will have been completed.

Examples

• eve gitti ‘she went home’
• eve gitmiş ‘she apparently went home’
• eve gidecek ‘she will go home’
• eve gitmişti ‘she had gone home (when I arrived)’

Prog: progressive aspect

Action is in progress with respect to current or a reference time.

Turkish has two progressive markers, -(I)yor and -mAktA. Latter is used in more formal cases than former. Otherwise there is no clear distinction between the two. In some contexts, both suffixes may also indicate habitual aspect (Aspect=Hab described below).

Examples

• eve gidiyor ‘she is going home (now)’
• eve gitmekte ‘she is going home (now)’
• eve gidiyordu ‘she was going home (when I saw her)’
• eve gimekteydi ‘she was going home (when I saw her)’

Hab: habitual aspect (new proposal)

Verbal morphology in Turkish may indicate an action that happens repeatedly at present or past. This aspect is mainly marked with suffix -A/Ir. In some cases, the progressive suffix -(I)yor may indicate the habitual aspect, Her sabah 5 km koşuyorum “I ran 5 km every morning”. See Göksel and Kerslake (2005, pp289–290) for details.

Examples

• çok kitap okur ‘she reads lots of books’
• sigara içerdi ‘she used to smoke’

Rapid: rapid sudden action (new proposal)

A particular verb form formed by suffix -Iver refers to actions that are sudden or performed rapidly. Kornfilt (1995, p.361) calls this rapid or sudden aspect.

Examples

• eve gidiver ‘quickly go home!’
• eve gidiverdi ‘she immediately/suddenly went home!’

Dur: durative aspect (new proposal)

A situation or action that has persisted over a period of time and still continues. This is called durative action (e.g., Kornfilt 1995, p.362). The suffixes -Akal, -Agel and -Adur indicate this aspect (the first one might better be defined as ‘durative stative’ and others ‘durative progressive’).

Examples

• bakakaldı ‘she looked (for a while, she was frozen while looking)’
• yapagelmiştir ‘she have gone on doing (something)’
• okuyadur ‘go on reading’

Pro: prospective aspect

The action is/was about to happen.

In Turkish, combination of feature tense marker -AcAk and the past tense marker -DI signal an event that was about to happen. Another (rather rare) means of expressing prospective aspect is with the suffix -Ayaz. This form is used only in a few fixed expressions, and it only combines with the past tense forms.

Examples

• düşecekti ‘she was about to fall’
• düşeyazdı ‘she was about to fall’

References

• Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.
• Jaklin Kornfilt. Turkish. London and New York: Routledge, 1997.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Turkish)

This feature is universal but the values DurPerf, ProgRapid, Rapid are language-specific. It occurs with 6 different values: DurPerf, Imp, Perf, Prog, ProgRapid, Rapid.

9922 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of Aspect. 5601 types (37%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. 781 lemmas (14%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Aspect. The feature is used with 2 part-of-speech tags: tr-pos/VERB (9113; 19% instances), tr-pos/AUX (809; 2% instances).

VERB

9113 tr-pos/VERB tokens (100% of all VERB tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which VERB and Aspect co-occurred: Polarity=Pos (8104; 89%), Polite=EMPTY (7977; 88%), Mood=Ind (7883; 87%), Person[psor]=EMPTY (7736; 85%), Number[psor]=EMPTY (7736; 85%), Voice=EMPTY (7675; 84%), Case=EMPTY (7346; 81%), VerbForm=EMPTY (5224; 57%).

VERB tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

• DurPerf (2; 0% of non-empty Aspect): uyuyakaldığı, uyuyakaldığını
• Imp (962; 11% of non-empty Aspect): olur, olmaz, olabilir, ister, eder, yeter, ?, alır, benzer, gelir
• Perf (7004; 77% of non-empty Aspect): dedi, olan, dedim, olduğunu, değil, oldu, olduğu, söyledi, gelen, var
• Prog (1135; 12% of non-empty Aspect): diyor, oluyor, geliyor, bilmiyorum, biliyorum, biliyor, geliyordu, istiyorum, biliyordum, ediyor
• ProgRapid (1; 0% of non-empty Aspect): takılıveriyor
• Rapid (9; 0% of non-empty Aspect): alıverdi, edivermişti, gidiverdi, giriverir, oluverip, siliniverir, tıraşlayıvermiştin, yapıverir, yumuşayıveren

Paradigm ol	Imp	Perf	Prog	Rapid
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmamdan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğundan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağından
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığından
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğundan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmamaktan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduktan
Case=Abl|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmaktan
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığımızı
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğumuzu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadıklarını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduklarını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğumu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğunu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass		olunduğunu
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmasını
Case=Acc|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmayı
Case=Acc|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olabileceğini
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğuna
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmasına
Case=Dat|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmaya
Case=Dat|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olabileceğine
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığının
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğunun
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmasının
Case=Gen|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmanın
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		oldukları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmaları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğum
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmam
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığı
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmaması, olmayışı
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğu, oldukları
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olması
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun|Voice=Pass		olunması
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmama
Case=Nom|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olmak, olma
Case=Nom|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olabileceği
Case=Nom|Mood=Pot|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olabilmesi
Case=Nom|Mood=Pot|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Vnoun		olabilmek
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olmuşlarsa
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olmuştur
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past		olmamış
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Past			oluyormuş
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=AorPast	olurmuş
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olmuş
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olmuşlar
Evident=Nfh|Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmuş
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olursan
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Aor	olmazsa
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olursa
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacaksa
Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olduysa
Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olurlarsa
Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres		olmasam
Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olsaydım
Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olsam
Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olsaydı
Mood=Des|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olsa
Mood=Des|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres		olmasanız
Mood=Des|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres		olmasalar
Mood=GenNec|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olmalıdır
Mood=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacaktır
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		ol
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres		olmasın
Mood=Imp|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olsun
Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olun
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Aor	olmam
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			oluyorum
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=AorPast	olurdum
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		oldum
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pqp		olmuştum
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			oluyorsun
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olursun
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacaksın
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		oldun
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Polite=Infm|Tense=Past|Voice=Pass			olunmuyordu
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			olmuyor
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Aor	olmaz
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut		olmayacak
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past		olmadı
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pqp		olmamıştı
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Past			oluyordu
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			oluyor
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olur
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=AorPast	olurdu
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacak
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=FutPast		olacaktı
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		oldu
Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pqp		olmuştu
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut		olmayacağız
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			oluyoruz
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	oluruz
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacağız
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olduk
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			oluyorsunuz
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacaksınız
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			olmuyorlar
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			oluyorlar
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olurlar
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut		olacaklar
Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		oldular
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğumuz
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadıkları
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		oldukları
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğum
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacağı
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olmadığı
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olacağı
Mood=Ind|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part		olduğu
Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Part		olmayacak
Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Conv		olmadan, olmayıp
Mood=Ind|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part		olmayan
Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Conv		olup, olunca, oldukça, olalı		oluverip
Mood=Ind|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part		olan
Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olmalıyım
Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olmalısın
Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olmalıydı
Mood=Nec|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olmalı
Mood=Nec|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olmalıyız
Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres		olmaya
Mood=Opt|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		ola
Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Pres		olmayalım
Mood=Opt|Number=Plur|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Pres		olalım
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Neg|Tense=AorPast	olamazdım
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=1|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olabilirim
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Aor	olamazsın
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=2|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			olabiliyorsun
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Aor	olamaz
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Neg|Tense=Fut		olamayacak
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Polite=Infm|Tense=Pres			olabiliyor
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Aor	olabilir
Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=3|Polarity=Pos|Tense=Past		olabildi

AUX

809 tr-pos/AUX tokens (100% of all AUX tokens) have a non-empty value of Aspect.

The most frequent other feature values with which AUX and Aspect co-occurred: Number=Sing (711; 88%), Person=3 (625; 77%), Mood=Ind (573; 71%), Tense=Pres (522; 65%).

AUX tokens may have the following values of Aspect:

• Perf (809; 100% of non-empty Aspect): dır, mı, dir, mi, ydi, dı, ydı, tu, mu, dur

Relations with Agreement in Aspect

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Aspect: VERB –[conj]–> VERB (587; 77%), VERB –[nmod]–> VERB (538; 65%), VERB –[obj]–> VERB (395; 59%), VERB –[acl]–> VERB (132; 68%), VERB –[nsubj]–> VERB (62; 53%), VERB –[compound]–> VERB (39; 74%), VERB –[cop]–> AUX (28; 80%), VERB –[nmod:poss]–> VERB (25; 100%), VERB –[compound:redup]–> VERB (19; 100%), VERB –[compound:lvc]–> VERB (5; 56%).

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Aspect in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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