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VERB: verb

Definition

A verb is a member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions, can constitute a minimal predicate in a clause, and govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause.

Note that the VERB tag covers main verbs (content verbs), modal verbs and copulas but it does not cover auxiliary verbs, for which there is the AUX tag. (Russian modal verbs are not considered auxiliary.) See the description of AUX for more information on the borderline between VERB and AUX.

Czech verbs can take the following morphological forms:

There are participial forms that are tagged as adjectives (ADJ) rather than verbs. See below for examples.

A verbal noun can be derived productively from almost every verb (e.g. есть  “to eat” → поедание  “eating”). While in other languages a corresponding form may be called gerund and tagged VERB, in Russian it is tagged NOUN. It has always the neuter ru-feat/Gender and it inflects for ru-feat/Number and ru-feat/Case.

Examples

Border cases

There are passive participles as verb forms (VERB) and participial adjectives (ADJ). For example:

Their meaning is almost identical but the usage slightly varies. Both groups can be used in nominal predication with copula. Only true participles (verbs) can be used to form the passive voice (but it may be sometimes difficult to distinguish from copula constructions, see AUX). On the other hand, the participial adjectives inflect for case and thus can modify nouns.

There is an analogy with some adjectives that preserved so called nominal (short) forms. And these adjectives are not derived from verbs. Example:

Here both groups are ADJ. The nominal forms are used in predication, the standard forms both in predication and to modify nouns.


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)

There are 1967 VERB lemmas (11%), 4232 VERB types (15%) and 7303 VERB tokens (8%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 4 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: БЫТЬ, ИМЕТЬ, НАХОДИТЬСЯ, МОЧЬ, ПОЛУЧИТЬ, СОСТАВЛЯТЬ, РАБОТАТЬ, ВХОДИТЬ, РАСПОЛОЖИТЬ, ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ

The 10 most frequent VERB types: составляет, может, получил, находится, входит, родился, можно, имеет, есть, было

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: БЫТЬ (AUX 678, VERB 126), МОЧЬ (VERB 89, AUX 1), РАБОТАТЬ (VERB 70, AUX 1), СОСТОЯТЬ (VERB 33, AUX 1), НАЗЫВАТЬ (VERB 31, AUX 2), СТАТЬ (AUX 101, VERB 28), СДЕЛАТЬ (VERB 26, AUX 2), ГОВОРИТЬ (VERB 23, AUX 1), ОСТАТЬСЯ (VERB 18, AUX 5), НАЗЫВАТЬСЯ (VERB 17, AUX 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: есть (VERB 24, AUX 1), было (AUX 112, VERB 29), могут (VERB 23, AUX 1), работал (VERB 19, AUX 1), был (AUX 262, VERB 18), нет (VERB 17, PART 1, NOUN 1), были (AUX 111, VERB 16), быть (AUX 24, VERB 14), назначен (VERB 13, AUX 3), была (AUX 107, VERB 12)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 2.151500 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.576680).

The 1st highest number of forms (19) was observed with the lemma “ИМЕТЬ”: имевшая, имевших, имеем, имеет, имел, имела, имели, имело, иметь, имеют, имеющая, имеющего, имеющей, имеющему, имеющие, имеющий, имеющим, имеющих, имея.

The 2nd highest number of forms (19) was observed with the lemma “ПОЛУЧИТЬ”: Полученная, Получив, получат, получена, полученной, полученном, полученную, полученных, получены, получившему, получившие, получивший, получивших, получил, получила, получили, получило, получит, получить.

The 3rd highest number of forms (17) was observed with the lemma “НАХОДИТЬСЯ”: находившееся, находившейся, находившийся, находившимся, находившихся, находилась, находились, находилось, находился, находится, находясь, находятся, находящейся, находящемся, находящиеся, находящихся, находящуюся.

VERB occurs with 12 features: ru-feat/Aspect (7225; 99% instances), ru-feat/VerbForm (7208; 99% instances), ru-feat/Number (6229; 85% instances), ru-feat/Tense (6219; 85% instances), ru-feat/Mood (4416; 60% instances), ru-feat/Gender (3283; 45% instances), ru-feat/Voice (3188; 44% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (1813; 25% instances), ru-feat/Case (1813; 25% instances), ru-feat/Person (1761; 24% instances), ru-feat/Variant (820; 11% instances), ru-feat/Degree (78; 1% instances)

VERB occurs with 33 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim, Animacy=Inan, Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Degree=Cmp, Degree=Pos, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, Variant=Short, VerbForm=Conv, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, Voice=Act, Voice=Mid, Voice=Pass

VERB occurs with 219 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (799 tokens). Examples: составляет, может, входит, имеет, есть, занимает, состоит, работает, представляет, существует

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 23 different relations: ru-dep/root (3264; 45% instances), ru-dep/acl (947; 13% instances), ru-dep/conj (864; 12% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (564; 8% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (515; 7% instances), ru-dep/advcl (439; 6% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (374; 5% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (209; 3% instances), ru-dep/appos (31; 0% instances), ru-dep/amod (25; 0% instances), ru-dep/nmod (19; 0% instances), ru-dep/fixed (14; 0% instances), ru-dep/csubj (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/discourse (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/advmod (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/list (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (1; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: ROOT (3264; 45% instances), VERB (2117; 29% instances), NOUN (1506; 21% instances), ADJ (176; 2% instances), PROPN (118; 2% instances), PRON (52; 1% instances), ADV (23; 0% instances), ADP (17; 0% instances), DET (12; 0% instances), NUM (7; 0% instances), PUNCT (7; 0% instances), SYM (2; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), CCONJ (1; 0% instances)

276 (4%) VERB nodes are leaves.

574 (8%) VERB nodes have one child.

1097 (15%) VERB nodes have two children.

5356 (73%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 13.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 34 different relations: ru-dep/punct (6538; 25% instances), ru-dep/obl (6116; 24% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (3265; 13% instances), ru-dep/obj (2281; 9% instances), ru-dep/advmod (1769; 7% instances), ru-dep/conj (920; 4% instances), ru-dep/iobj (821; 3% instances), ru-dep/cc (742; 3% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (572; 2% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (512; 2% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (452; 2% instances), ru-dep/advcl (389; 2% instances), ru-dep/mark (366; 1% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (340; 1% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (220; 1% instances), ru-dep/discourse (150; 1% instances), ru-dep/cc:preconj (110; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux (37; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (31; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (29; 0% instances), ru-dep/list (22; 0% instances), ru-dep/case (21; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (20; 0% instances), ru-dep/amod (17; 0% instances), ru-dep/fixed (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/det (7; 0% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (7; 0% instances), ru-dep/csubj (6; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (6; 0% instances), ru-dep/vocative (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/nmod (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (1; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (10495; 41% instances), PUNCT (6568; 25% instances), VERB (2117; 8% instances), PROPN (1344; 5% instances), ADV (1340; 5% instances), PRON (1328; 5% instances), CCONJ (863; 3% instances), AUX (489; 2% instances), SCONJ (356; 1% instances), PART (350; 1% instances), ADJ (241; 1% instances), ADP (108; 0% instances), NUM (93; 0% instances), DET (57; 0% instances), SYM (41; 0% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)

There are 5885 VERB lemmas (14%), 29739 VERB types (27%) and 110741 VERB tokens (11%). Out of 18 observed tags, the rank of VERB is: 4 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent VERB lemmas: мочь, быть, становиться, говорить, делать, сказать, получать, иметь, считать, давать

The 10 most frequent VERB types: может, есть, нет, могут, было, является, быть, стал, говорит, сказал

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: мочь (VERB 3048, NOUN 1, X 1), быть (AUX 7266, VERB 2640), нет (VERB 650, PART 211, NOUN 1), знать (VERB 641, NOUN 3), решать (VERB 499, ADJ 1), стать (VERB 402, NOUN 3), определять (VERB 312, ADJ 1), расти (VERB 222, PROPN 1), открывать (VERB 220, ADJ 1), соответствовать (VERB 107, ADJ 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: есть (VERB 1066, AUX 178, INTJ 1), нет (VERB 586, PART 109, ADJ 1), было (AUX 1468, VERB 480, PART 19), быть (AUX 647, VERB 331), стали (VERB 260, NOUN 22), будет (AUX 984, VERB 189), стать (VERB 167, NOUN 2), был (AUX 1320, VERB 118), были (AUX 1014, VERB 99, NOUN 3), значит (VERB 98, ADV 92)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of VERB is 5.053356 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.644632).

The 1st highest number of forms (61) was observed with the lemma “принимать”: Примите, Принимается, приемлем, приемлет, приемлют, примем, примет, примут, принимавший, принимавшим, принимаем, принимаемого, принимаемы, принимаемые, принимаемый, принимаемых, принимает, принимал, принимала, принималась, принимали, принимались, принимало, принималось, принимать, приниматься, принимаю, принимают, принимаются, принимающего, принимающей, принимающем, принимающие, принимающий, принимающих, принимая, приняв, принявшего, принявшей, принявший, принявших, принял, приняла, приняли, приняло, принят, принята, принятая, принято, принятого, принятое, принятой, принятом, принятому, приняты, принятые, принятый, принятым, принятыми, принятых, принять.

The 2nd highest number of forms (60) was observed with the lemma “получать”: получавшие, получаем, получаемое, получаемой, получаемые, получаемыми, получает, получается, получал, получала, получали, получало, получат, получать, получаться, получаю, получают, получаются, получающие, получающими, получающих, получая, получен, получена, полученная, полученного, полученное, полученной, полученном, полученному, полученную, полученные, полученный, полученным, полученными, полученных, получено, получены, получи, получив, получившая, получившего, получившее, получившей, получившему, получившие, получивший, получившими, получивших, получившую, получил, получила, получили, получило, получим, получит, получите, получить, получишь, получу.

The 3rd highest number of forms (57) was observed with the lemma “делать”: Делался, Сделайте, делавшая, делавшееся, делаем, делает, делаете, делается, делаешь, делай, делайте, делал, делала, делалась, делали, делались, делало, делалось, делать, делаться, делаю, делают, делаются, делающего, делающие, делающих, делая, сделав, сделавшего, сделавшей, сделавшему, сделавшие, сделавший, сделавших, сделаем, сделает, сделаете, сделаешь, сделал, сделала, сделали, сделало, сделан, сделана, сделанная, сделанного, сделанное, сделанной, сделанные, сделанный, сделанным, сделанными, сделанных, сделано, сделаны, сделать, сделают.

VERB occurs with 11 features: ru-feat/Voice (110740; 100% instances), ru-feat/Aspect (110729; 100% instances), ru-feat/VerbForm (110729; 100% instances), ru-feat/Tense (89227; 81% instances), ru-feat/Number (86582; 78% instances), ru-feat/Mood (70244; 63% instances), ru-feat/Person (36029; 33% instances), ru-feat/Gender (33560; 30% instances), ru-feat/Case (11569; 10% instances), ru-feat/Variant (4769; 4% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (1236; 1% instances)

VERB occurs with 31 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim, Animacy=Inan, Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, Variant=Short, VerbForm=Conv, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, Voice=Act, Voice=Mid, Voice=Pass

VERB occurs with 303 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act (12965 tokens). Examples: может, есть, нет, говорит, стоит, идет, имеет, происходит, будет, следует

Relations

VERB nodes are attached to their parents using 24 different relations: ru-dep/root (38610; 35% instances), ru-dep/conj (15879; 14% instances), ru-dep/advcl (12635; 11% instances), ru-dep/amod (9960; 9% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (7868; 7% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (6885; 6% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (5545; 5% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (5333; 5% instances), ru-dep/dep (3306; 3% instances), ru-dep/cop (1824; 2% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (782; 1% instances), ru-dep/acl (732; 1% instances), ru-dep/fixed (512; 0% instances), ru-dep/advmod (292; 0% instances), ru-dep/nmod (219; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (118; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (90; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (63; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (62; 0% instances), ru-dep/cc (20; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)

Parents of VERB nodes belong to 18 different parts of speech: ROOT (38610; 35% instances), VERB (36644; 33% instances), NOUN (20082; 18% instances), ADJ (6332; 6% instances), ADV (3752; 3% instances), PRON (3109; 3% instances), PROPN (1007; 1% instances), DET (697; 1% instances), NUM (216; 0% instances), PART (115; 0% instances), ADP (46; 0% instances), PUNCT (46; 0% instances), _ (28; 0% instances), CCONJ (25; 0% instances), SCONJ (15; 0% instances), X (8; 0% instances), AUX (5; 0% instances), INTJ (4; 0% instances)

6087 (5%) VERB nodes are leaves.

20536 (19%) VERB nodes have one child.

27845 (25%) VERB nodes have two children.

56273 (51%) VERB nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a VERB node is 17.

Children of VERB nodes are attached using 37 different relations: ru-dep/obl (68172; 23% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (53021; 18% instances), ru-dep/advmod (36927; 13% instances), ru-dep/obj (30203; 10% instances), ru-dep/punct (23397; 8% instances), ru-dep/cc (16162; 5% instances), ru-dep/conj (15046; 5% instances), ru-dep/advcl (10390; 4% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (8928; 3% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (7862; 3% instances), ru-dep/mark (7644; 3% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (4601; 2% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (2331; 1% instances), ru-dep/aux (1804; 1% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (1564; 1% instances), ru-dep/amod (1026; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (975; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (945; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (891; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (836; 0% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (809; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (548; 0% instances), ru-dep/_ (301; 0% instances), ru-dep/discourse (259; 0% instances), ru-dep/case (175; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (162; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:foreign (115; 0% instances), ru-dep/cop (91; 0% instances), ru-dep/fixed (83; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (32; 0% instances), ru-dep/expl (31; 0% instances), ru-dep/nmod (27; 0% instances), ru-dep/compound (10; 0% instances), ru-dep/vocative (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (6; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/root (3; 0% instances)

Children of VERB nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: NOUN (118065; 40% instances), VERB (36499; 12% instances), PRON (30842; 10% instances), ADV (27914; 9% instances), PUNCT (23397; 8% instances), CCONJ (13838; 5% instances), PART (12908; 4% instances), SCONJ (9483; 3% instances), PROPN (9194; 3% instances), ADJ (6366; 2% instances), AUX (3164; 1% instances), NUM (1477; 1% instances), ADP (1055; 0% instances), DET (813; 0% instances), _ (301; 0% instances), X (45; 0% instances), INTJ (28; 0% instances)


VERB in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]