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PART: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Russian particles are not inflected.

Note that response words such as да  “yes”, нет  “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)

There are 25 PART lemmas (0%), 26 PART types (0%) and 789 PART tokens (1%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 12 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: НЕ, ЖЕ, И, ТОЛЬКО, ЛИШЬ, ДАЖЕ, НИ, ИМЕННО, БЫ, ПРОСТО

The 10 most frequent PART types: не, же, и, только, лишь, даже, ни, именно, бы, просто

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: НЕ (PART 389, CCONJ 2), И (CCONJ 2016, PART 83, ADV 4, NUM 1), ТОЛЬКО (PART 68, CCONJ 1), НИ (PART 20, CCONJ 6), ИМЕННО (PART 15, ADV 2), БЫ (PART 9, ADV 1), ПРОСТО (PART 9, ADV 2), ЛИ (PART 6, PROPN 4), ВСЁ (PRON 19, ADV 10, PART 3), ВЕДЬ (PART 2, SCONJ 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: не (PART 377, CCONJ 2), и (CCONJ 2005, PART 83, ADV 3), только (PART 67, CCONJ 1), ни (PART 18, CCONJ 6), именно (PART 9, ADV 2), бы (PART 9, ADV 1), просто (PART 9, ADV 1), Да (PART 2, CCONJ 1), все (DET 38, ADV 4, PRON 4, PART 2), де (PROPN 17, ADV 8, PART 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.040000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.576680).

The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “ВСЁ”: все, всё.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “NO”: No.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “NON”: Non.

PART occurs with 1 features: ru-feat/Polarity (386; 49% instances)

PART occurs with 1 feature-value pairs: Polarity=Neg

PART occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (403 tokens). Examples: же, и, только, лишь, даже, не, именно, бы, просто, ли

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 7 different relations: ru-dep/advmod (412; 52% instances), ru-dep/discourse (329; 42% instances), ru-dep/fixed (31; 4% instances), ru-dep/cc:preconj (9; 1% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (6; 1% instances), ru-dep/conj (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: VERB (350; 44% instances), NOUN (130; 16% instances), DET (71; 9% instances), ADJ (67; 8% instances), ADV (56; 7% instances), PRON (35; 4% instances), NUM (24; 3% instances), PART (17; 2% instances), CCONJ (15; 2% instances), PROPN (13; 2% instances), AUX (5; 1% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), SCONJ (2; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)

761 (96%) PART nodes are leaves.

23 (3%) PART nodes have one child.

4 (1%) PART nodes have two children.

1 (0%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 4.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 6 different relations: ru-dep/fixed (12; 34% instances), ru-dep/advmod (10; 29% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (5; 14% instances), ru-dep/punct (5; 14% instances), ru-dep/discourse (2; 6% instances), ru-dep/nmod (1; 3% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: PART (17; 49% instances), ADV (9; 26% instances), PUNCT (7; 20% instances), DET (1; 3% instances), PROPN (1; 3% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)

There are 88 PART lemmas (0%), 98 PART types (0%) and 32008 PART tokens (3%). Out of 18 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 8 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: не, и, же, только, бы, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно

The 10 most frequent PART types: не, и, же, только, бы, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: не (PART 12500, VERB 11), и (CCONJ 22107, PART 4045, X 3, PROPN 2, VERB 1), только (PART 1891, CCONJ 48, ADV 1), ли (PART 765, PROPN 3), это (PRON 4795, PART 635), просто (PART 571, ADV 34), все (PRON 1847, PART 505), ни (PART 486, CCONJ 442, PROPN 28, NOUN 1), ведь (PART 397, SCONJ 99), да (CCONJ 284, PART 275, ADP 2, PROPN 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: не (PART 11919, VERB 11), и (CCONJ 20115, PART 4011, X 3), только (PART 1781, CCONJ 32, ADV 1), это (PRON 2421, PART 616, DET 364), просто (PART 535, ADJ 22, ADV 15), ни (PART 451, CCONJ 415), все (DET 1036, PRON 886, PART 466), ведь (PART 236, SCONJ 63), да (CCONJ 175, PART 75, ADP 2), нет (VERB 586, PART 109, ADJ 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.113636 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.644632).

The 1st highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “это”: этим, это, этого, этом, этому.

The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “бы”: б, бы.

The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “все”: все, всё.

PART occurs with 2 features: ru-feat/Mood (1384; 4% instances), ru-feat/Polarity (221; 1% instances)

PART occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Mood=Cnd, Polarity=Neg

PART occurs with 3 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (30403 tokens). Examples: не, и, же, только, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно, это

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: ru-dep/advmod (28133; 88% instances), ru-dep/aux (1272; 4% instances), ru-dep/fixed (1019; 3% instances), ru-dep/cop (589; 2% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (443; 1% instances), ru-dep/root (233; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (84; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (58; 0% instances), ru-dep/conj (45; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (36; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (32; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (15; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (12; 0% instances), ru-dep/nmod (12; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/mark (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/cc (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 18 different parts of speech: VERB (12881; 40% instances), NOUN (5984; 19% instances), ADV (3738; 12% instances), ADJ (2857; 9% instances), PRON (1897; 6% instances), PART (1406; 4% instances), DET (1325; 4% instances), PROPN (543; 2% instances), NUM (466; 1% instances), CCONJ (448; 1% instances), ROOT (233; 1% instances), SCONJ (145; 0% instances), ADP (44; 0% instances), PUNCT (24; 0% instances), _ (8; 0% instances), X (4; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances)

27866 (87%) PART nodes are leaves.

3640 (11%) PART nodes have one child.

325 (1%) PART nodes have two children.

177 (1%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 9.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 30 different relations: ru-dep/punct (1897; 38% instances), ru-dep/advmod (1544; 31% instances), ru-dep/fixed (619; 13% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (177; 4% instances), ru-dep/_ (105; 2% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (98; 2% instances), ru-dep/conj (97; 2% instances), ru-dep/cc (75; 2% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (73; 1% instances), ru-dep/amod (48; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (40; 1% instances), ru-dep/nmod (35; 1% instances), ru-dep/mark (26; 1% instances), ru-dep/case (23; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (21; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (15; 0% instances), ru-dep/root (10; 0% instances), ru-dep/cop (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (7; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (1; 0% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: PUNCT (1897; 38% instances), PART (1291; 26% instances), ADV (780; 16% instances), NOUN (212; 4% instances), VERB (141; 3% instances), PRON (118; 2% instances), SCONJ (117; 2% instances), _ (105; 2% instances), PROPN (92; 2% instances), CCONJ (63; 1% instances), ADP (52; 1% instances), ADJ (34; 1% instances), DET (30; 1% instances), NUM (9; 0% instances), INTJ (5; 0% instances), AUX (4; 0% instances)


PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]