PART
: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood, tense etc. Russian particles are not inflected.
Note that response words such as да “yes”, нет “no”, etc. are considered particles in the PDT tagset but they should be retagged as interjections under the UD standard.
Examples
- Sentence modality: пусть (“May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
- же “just, only”
- аж “as late as, even, up to” Use case: Мне сегодня аж пять писем пришло. “Today I have recieved even five letters”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
There are 25 PART
lemmas (0%), 26 PART
types (0%) and 789 PART
tokens (1%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 12 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: НЕ, ЖЕ, И, ТОЛЬКО, ЛИШЬ, ДАЖЕ, НИ, ИМЕННО, БЫ, ПРОСТО
The 10 most frequent PART
types: не, же, и, только, лишь, даже, ни, именно, бы, просто
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: НЕ (PART 389, CCONJ 2), И (CCONJ 2016, PART 83, ADV 4, NUM 1), ТОЛЬКО (PART 68, CCONJ 1), НИ (PART 20, CCONJ 6), ИМЕННО (PART 15, ADV 2), БЫ (PART 9, ADV 1), ПРОСТО (PART 9, ADV 2), ЛИ (PART 6, PROPN 4), ВСЁ (PRON 19, ADV 10, PART 3), ВЕДЬ (PART 2, SCONJ 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: не (PART 377, CCONJ 2), и (CCONJ 2005, PART 83, ADV 3), только (PART 67, CCONJ 1), ни (PART 18, CCONJ 6), именно (PART 9, ADV 2), бы (PART 9, ADV 1), просто (PART 9, ADV 1), Да (PART 2, CCONJ 1), все (DET 38, ADV 4, PRON 4, PART 2), де (PROPN 17, ADV 8, PART 2)
- не
- и
- CCONJ 2005: Вышивки Полесья – простые и четкие по композиции .
- PART 83: Как и Рабочий мост , Кузнечный мост после войны не восстанавливался .
- ADV 3: Основные произведения : Китаб - и - Агдас (
Наисвятая Книга '' , основной труд , в который включены современные религиозно - духовные законы ) , Китаб - <b>и</b> - Иган (
Книга несомненности '' , богословский трактат , разъясняющий символизм Библии и Корана ) ,Сокровенные Слова '' ( духовные наставления , сформулированные в виде коротких стихов ) , ряд писем и обращений , изданных в сборниках
Крупицы из Писаний Бахауллы '' и `` Скрижали Бахауллы , явленные после Китаб - и - Агдас '' .
- только
- ни
- именно
- бы
- просто
- PART 9: При этом получатель мог просто отказаться получить доставленное письмо .
- ADV 1: В случае высказываний `` примеры этого понятия дают нам случаи , когда отдельные слова или утверждения в целом просто понимаются вне их нормальной функции : мы понимаем высказанные утверждения , вопросы , желания , но сами при этом не судим , не спрашиваем и не желаем '' .
- Да
- все
- де
- PROPN 17: При графе Тибо V де Блуа в 1170 году был возведён донжон .
- ADV 8: Является составной частью муниципалитета Повуа - де - Варзин .
- PART 2: Поп Григорий показывал : `` какая де на нем , архиерее , скорбь была , про тое де скорбь он , поп Григорий , не скажет , потому что за клятвою его , архиерейскою '' .
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.040000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.576680).
The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “ВСЁ”: все, всё.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “NO”: No.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “NON”: Non.
PART
occurs with 1 features: ru-feat/Polarity (386; 49% instances)
PART
occurs with 1 feature-value pairs: Polarity=Neg
PART
occurs with 2 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(403 tokens).
Examples: же, и, только, лишь, даже, не, именно, бы, просто, ли
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 7 different relations: ru-dep/advmod (412; 52% instances), ru-dep/discourse (329; 42% instances), ru-dep/fixed (31; 4% instances), ru-dep/cc:preconj (9; 1% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (6; 1% instances), ru-dep/conj (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: VERB (350; 44% instances), NOUN (130; 16% instances), DET (71; 9% instances), ADJ (67; 8% instances), ADV (56; 7% instances), PRON (35; 4% instances), NUM (24; 3% instances), PART (17; 2% instances), CCONJ (15; 2% instances), PROPN (13; 2% instances), AUX (5; 1% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), SCONJ (2; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)
761 (96%) PART
nodes are leaves.
23 (3%) PART
nodes have one child.
4 (1%) PART
nodes have two children.
1 (0%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 4.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 6 different relations: ru-dep/fixed (12; 34% instances), ru-dep/advmod (10; 29% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (5; 14% instances), ru-dep/punct (5; 14% instances), ru-dep/discourse (2; 6% instances), ru-dep/nmod (1; 3% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 5 different parts of speech: PART (17; 49% instances), ADV (9; 26% instances), PUNCT (7; 20% instances), DET (1; 3% instances), PROPN (1; 3% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
There are 88 PART
lemmas (0%), 98 PART
types (0%) and 32008 PART
tokens (3%).
Out of 18 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 8 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: не, и, же, только, бы, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно
The 10 most frequent PART
types: не, и, же, только, бы, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: не (PART 12500, VERB 11), и (CCONJ 22107, PART 4045, X 3, PROPN 2, VERB 1), только (PART 1891, CCONJ 48, ADV 1), ли (PART 765, PROPN 3), это (PRON 4795, PART 635), просто (PART 571, ADV 34), все (PRON 1847, PART 505), ни (PART 486, CCONJ 442, PROPN 28, NOUN 1), ведь (PART 397, SCONJ 99), да (CCONJ 284, PART 275, ADP 2, PROPN 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: не (PART 11919, VERB 11), и (CCONJ 20115, PART 4011, X 3), только (PART 1781, CCONJ 32, ADV 1), это (PRON 2421, PART 616, DET 364), просто (PART 535, ADJ 22, ADV 15), ни (PART 451, CCONJ 415), все (DET 1036, PRON 886, PART 466), ведь (PART 236, SCONJ 63), да (CCONJ 175, PART 75, ADP 2), нет (VERB 586, PART 109, ADJ 1)
- не
- и
- только
- это
- просто
- ни
- все
- ведь
- да
- нет
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.113636 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.644632).
The 1st highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “это”: этим, это, этого, этом, этому.
The 2nd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “бы”: б, бы.
The 3rd highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “все”: все, всё.
PART
occurs with 2 features: ru-feat/Mood (1384; 4% instances), ru-feat/Polarity (221; 1% instances)
PART
occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Mood=Cnd
, Polarity=Neg
PART
occurs with 3 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(30403 tokens).
Examples: не, и, же, только, даже, вот, ли, лишь, именно, это
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 21 different relations: ru-dep/advmod (28133; 88% instances), ru-dep/aux (1272; 4% instances), ru-dep/fixed (1019; 3% instances), ru-dep/cop (589; 2% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (443; 1% instances), ru-dep/root (233; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (84; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (58; 0% instances), ru-dep/conj (45; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (36; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (32; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (15; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (12; 0% instances), ru-dep/nmod (12; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/mark (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/amod (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/cc (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 18 different parts of speech: VERB (12881; 40% instances), NOUN (5984; 19% instances), ADV (3738; 12% instances), ADJ (2857; 9% instances), PRON (1897; 6% instances), PART (1406; 4% instances), DET (1325; 4% instances), PROPN (543; 2% instances), NUM (466; 1% instances), CCONJ (448; 1% instances), ROOT (233; 1% instances), SCONJ (145; 0% instances), ADP (44; 0% instances), PUNCT (24; 0% instances), _ (8; 0% instances), X (4; 0% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances)
27866 (87%) PART
nodes are leaves.
3640 (11%) PART
nodes have one child.
325 (1%) PART
nodes have two children.
177 (1%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 9.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 30 different relations: ru-dep/punct (1897; 38% instances), ru-dep/advmod (1544; 31% instances), ru-dep/fixed (619; 13% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (177; 4% instances), ru-dep/_ (105; 2% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (98; 2% instances), ru-dep/conj (97; 2% instances), ru-dep/cc (75; 2% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (73; 1% instances), ru-dep/amod (48; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (40; 1% instances), ru-dep/nmod (35; 1% instances), ru-dep/mark (26; 1% instances), ru-dep/case (23; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (21; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (15; 0% instances), ru-dep/root (10; 0% instances), ru-dep/cop (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (7; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (1; 0% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: PUNCT (1897; 38% instances), PART (1291; 26% instances), ADV (780; 16% instances), NOUN (212; 4% instances), VERB (141; 3% instances), PRON (118; 2% instances), SCONJ (117; 2% instances), _ (105; 2% instances), PROPN (92; 2% instances), CCONJ (63; 1% instances), ADP (52; 1% instances), ADJ (34; 1% instances), DET (30; 1% instances), NUM (9; 0% instances), INTJ (5; 0% instances), AUX (4; 0% instances)
PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]