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This page pertains to UD version 2.

PART: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word, phrase, or clause to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (such as ADP, AUX, CCONJ, or SCONJ).

In Chinese, particles include the genitive/associative/relativizer/nominalizer marker 的 / de; 得 / de in V-得 extent/descriptive constructions (see compound:ext); the manner adverbializer 地 / de; the “et cetera” markers 等(等) / děng(děng); sentence-final particles (句末助詞 / jùmuò zhùcí); and the object relativizer 所 / suǒ.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)

There are 553 PART lemmas (3%), 553 PART types (3%) and 11826 PART tokens (11%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 7 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 4 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: 的、 了、 之、 人、 大、 者、 區、 會、 市、 著

The 10 most frequent PART types: 的、 了、 之、 人、 大、 者、 區、 會、 市、 著

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: 的 (PART 4975, X 122), 了 (PART 668, X 41, VERB 2), 之 (PART 233, PRON 22, X 1), 人 (NOUN 349, PART 222, VERB 1), 大 (PART 143, ADJ 31, ADV 17, PROPN 3, NOUN 1), 者 (PART 138, NOUN 10), 區 (PART 129, NOUN 5), 會 (AUX 180, PART 128, NOUN 3), 市 (PART 119, NOUN 20, PROPN 1), 著 (PART 118, VERB 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 的 (PART 4975, X 122), 了 (PART 668, X 41, VERB 2), 之 (PART 233, PRON 22, X 1), 人 (NOUN 332, PART 222, VERB 1), 大 (PART 143, ADJ 31, ADV 17, PROPN 3, NOUN 1), 者 (PART 138, NOUN 10), 區 (PART 129, NOUN 5), 會 (AUX 180, PART 128, NOUN 3), 市 (PART 119, NOUN 20, PROPN 1), 著 (PART 118, VERB 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.000284).

The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “不”: 不.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “中”: 中.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “主”: 主.

PART occurs with 3 features: zh-feat/Case (2979; 25% instances), zh-feat/Aspect (839; 7% instances), zh-feat/Number (30; 0% instances)

PART occurs with 4 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Perf, Aspect=Prog, Case=Gen, Number=Plur

PART occurs with 5 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (7978 tokens). Examples: 的、 人、 大、 者、 區、 會、 市、 軍、 省、 性

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 26 different relations: zh-dep/case:dec (2979; 25% instances), zh-dep/mark:relcl (2192; 19% instances), zh-dep/nmod (1299; 11% instances), zh-dep/nsubj (1128; 10% instances), zh-dep/obj (961; 8% instances), zh-dep/case:aspect (838; 7% instances), zh-dep/case:pref (656; 6% instances), zh-dep/conj (470; 4% instances), zh-dep/det (392; 3% instances), zh-dep/obl (209; 2% instances), zh-dep/case:suff (128; 1% instances), zh-dep/appos (120; 1% instances), zh-dep/root (93; 1% instances), zh-dep/mark:advb (91; 1% instances), zh-dep/dep (72; 1% instances), zh-dep/acl (51; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (31; 0% instances), zh-dep/nsubj:pass (24; 0% instances), zh-dep/advmod (23; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark:comp (23; 0% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (10; 0% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), zh-dep/iobj (9; 0% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (8; 0% instances), zh-dep/amod (7; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (3; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (4636; 39% instances), NOUN (3750; 32% instances), PART (1318; 11% instances), ADJ (822; 7% instances), PROPN (654; 6% instances), PRON (233; 2% instances), ADP (172; 1% instances), ROOT (93; 1% instances), NUM (71; 1% instances), X (53; 0% instances), DET (22; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances)

6788 (57%) PART nodes are leaves.

2250 (19%) PART nodes have one child.

1379 (12%) PART nodes have two children.

1409 (12%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 28.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 31 different relations: zh-dep/case:suff (4937; 46% instances), zh-dep/nmod (2047; 19% instances), zh-dep/punct (785; 7% instances), zh-dep/conj (410; 4% instances), zh-dep/case:dec (392; 4% instances), zh-dep/det (378; 3% instances), zh-dep/acl (247; 2% instances), zh-dep/case (244; 2% instances), zh-dep/cop (226; 2% instances), zh-dep/cc (224; 2% instances), zh-dep/nsubj (180; 2% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (179; 2% instances), zh-dep/amod (178; 2% instances), zh-dep/appos (149; 1% instances), zh-dep/nummod (64; 1% instances), zh-dep/dep (63; 1% instances), zh-dep/case:pref (60; 1% instances), zh-dep/advmod (22; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark (11; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark:relcl (10; 0% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (10; 0% instances), zh-dep/dislocated (9; 0% instances), zh-dep/obj (6; 0% instances), zh-dep/aux (4; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (4; 0% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (4; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/aux:caus (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/case:aspect (1; 0% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (3357; 31% instances), PROPN (2516; 23% instances), VERB (1409; 13% instances), PART (1318; 12% instances), PUNCT (784; 7% instances), ADP (358; 3% instances), ADJ (310; 3% instances), AUX (230; 2% instances), CCONJ (224; 2% instances), X (110; 1% instances), NUM (82; 1% instances), DET (71; 1% instances), PRON (54; 0% instances), ADV (26; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)


PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]