PART
: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word, phrase, or clause to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (such as ADP
, AUX
, CCONJ
, or SCONJ
).
In Chinese, particles include the genitive/associative/relativizer/nominalizer marker 的 / de; 得 / de in V-得 extent/descriptive constructions (see compound:ext
); the manner adverbializer 地 / de; the “et cetera” markers 等(等) / děng(děng); sentence-final particles (句末助詞 / jùmuò zhùcí); and the object relativizer 所 / suǒ.
Examples
- Genitive 的
- 狗 的 尾巴 / gǒu de wěibā “a dog’s tail”
- Associative 的
- 高興 的 孩子 / gāoxìng de háizi “happy children”
- Relativizer 的
- 走路 的 人 / zǒulù de rén “people who are walking”
- Nominalizer 的
- 吃 不 完 的 不 准 走 / chī bù wán de bù zhǔn zǒu “those who don’t finish eating aren’t allowed to go”
- Extent/descriptive 得 - 他 跑 得 很 快 /tā pǎo de hěn kuài “He runs very fast.”
- Adverbializer 地
- 他 慢慢 地 跑 / tā mànmàn de pǎo “He’s running slowly.”
- Etc. marker
- 這裡 有 梨子,橘子,等等 / zhèlǐ yǒu lízi, júzi, děngděng “There are pears, oranges, etc. here.”
- Sentence-final particles
- 你 想 去 嗎 ? / nǐ xiǎng qù ma “Do you want to go?”
- 我們 一起 去 吧 / wǒmen yīqǐ qù ba “Let’s go together.”
- 他 只 是 一 個 人 而已 / tā zh ǐshì yī gè rén éryǐ “He’s just one person.”
- 他們 一定 來 的 / tāmen yīdìng lái de “They will definitely come.”
- Object relativizer 所
- 他所戴的帽子 / tā suǒ dài de màozi “the hat that he wears”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)
There are 553 PART
lemmas (3%), 553 PART
types (3%) and 11826 PART
tokens (11%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 7 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 4 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: 的、 了、 之、 人、 大、 者、 區、 會、 市、 著
The 10 most frequent PART
types: 的、 了、 之、 人、 大、 者、 區、 會、 市、 著
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: 的 (PART 4975, X 122), 了 (PART 668, X 41, VERB 2), 之 (PART 233, PRON 22, X 1), 人 (NOUN 349, PART 222, VERB 1), 大 (PART 143, ADJ 31, ADV 17, PROPN 3, NOUN 1), 者 (PART 138, NOUN 10), 區 (PART 129, NOUN 5), 會 (AUX 180, PART 128, NOUN 3), 市 (PART 119, NOUN 20, PROPN 1), 著 (PART 118, VERB 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 的 (PART 4975, X 122), 了 (PART 668, X 41, VERB 2), 之 (PART 233, PRON 22, X 1), 人 (NOUN 332, PART 222, VERB 1), 大 (PART 143, ADJ 31, ADV 17, PROPN 3, NOUN 1), 者 (PART 138, NOUN 10), 區 (PART 129, NOUN 5), 會 (AUX 180, PART 128, NOUN 3), 市 (PART 119, NOUN 20, PROPN 1), 著 (PART 118, VERB 1)
- 的
- 了
- 之
- 人
- 大
- PART 143: 當年 為 培養 「 天下 最惡 的 人 」 , 說服 十 大 惡人 饒過 小魚兒 .
- ADJ 31: 1956 年 , 首次 推行 的 許多 改革 措施 在 卡達爾 當政 期間 雖 依然 保留 , 但 在 外交 上 卻 沒有 任何 大 的 改變 .
- ADV 17: 大 多數 的 加長 型 禮車 則是 租車 公司 的 財產 .
- PROPN 3: 民國 二 年 ( 1913 年 ) , 山西 省 政府 接管 大 朔 中 學校 , 將 校名 改 為 山西 省 立 第三 中學 .
- NOUN 1: 許多 士兵 擁護 他 的 觀點 , 聲勢 之 大 , 甚至 驚動 了 執政 官 貝爾蘇斯 .
- 者
- 區
- 會
- 市
- 著
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.000284).
The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “不”: 不.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “中”: 中.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “主”: 主.
PART
occurs with 3 features: zh-feat/Case (2979; 25% instances), zh-feat/Aspect (839; 7% instances), zh-feat/Number (30; 0% instances)
PART
occurs with 4 feature-value pairs: Aspect=Perf
, Aspect=Prog
, Case=Gen
, Number=Plur
PART
occurs with 5 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(7978 tokens).
Examples: 的、 人、 大、 者、 區、 會、 市、 軍、 省、 性
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 26 different relations: zh-dep/case:dec (2979; 25% instances), zh-dep/mark:relcl (2192; 19% instances), zh-dep/nmod (1299; 11% instances), zh-dep/nsubj (1128; 10% instances), zh-dep/obj (961; 8% instances), zh-dep/case:aspect (838; 7% instances), zh-dep/case:pref (656; 6% instances), zh-dep/conj (470; 4% instances), zh-dep/det (392; 3% instances), zh-dep/obl (209; 2% instances), zh-dep/case:suff (128; 1% instances), zh-dep/appos (120; 1% instances), zh-dep/root (93; 1% instances), zh-dep/mark:advb (91; 1% instances), zh-dep/dep (72; 1% instances), zh-dep/acl (51; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (31; 0% instances), zh-dep/nsubj:pass (24; 0% instances), zh-dep/advmod (23; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark:comp (23; 0% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (10; 0% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (9; 0% instances), zh-dep/iobj (9; 0% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (8; 0% instances), zh-dep/amod (7; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (3; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (4636; 39% instances), NOUN (3750; 32% instances), PART (1318; 11% instances), ADJ (822; 7% instances), PROPN (654; 6% instances), PRON (233; 2% instances), ADP (172; 1% instances), ROOT (93; 1% instances), NUM (71; 1% instances), X (53; 0% instances), DET (22; 0% instances), ADV (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances)
6788 (57%) PART
nodes are leaves.
2250 (19%) PART
nodes have one child.
1379 (12%) PART
nodes have two children.
1409 (12%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 28.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 31 different relations: zh-dep/case:suff (4937; 46% instances), zh-dep/nmod (2047; 19% instances), zh-dep/punct (785; 7% instances), zh-dep/conj (410; 4% instances), zh-dep/case:dec (392; 4% instances), zh-dep/det (378; 3% instances), zh-dep/acl (247; 2% instances), zh-dep/case (244; 2% instances), zh-dep/cop (226; 2% instances), zh-dep/cc (224; 2% instances), zh-dep/nsubj (180; 2% instances), zh-dep/acl:relcl (179; 2% instances), zh-dep/amod (178; 2% instances), zh-dep/appos (149; 1% instances), zh-dep/nummod (64; 1% instances), zh-dep/dep (63; 1% instances), zh-dep/case:pref (60; 1% instances), zh-dep/advmod (22; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark (11; 0% instances), zh-dep/mark:relcl (10; 0% instances), zh-dep/nmod:tmod (10; 0% instances), zh-dep/dislocated (9; 0% instances), zh-dep/obj (6; 0% instances), zh-dep/aux (4; 0% instances), zh-dep/csubj (4; 0% instances), zh-dep/xcomp (4; 0% instances), zh-dep/ccomp (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/discourse (2; 0% instances), zh-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/aux:caus (1; 0% instances), zh-dep/case:aspect (1; 0% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (3357; 31% instances), PROPN (2516; 23% instances), VERB (1409; 13% instances), PART (1318; 12% instances), PUNCT (784; 7% instances), ADP (358; 3% instances), ADJ (310; 3% instances), AUX (230; 2% instances), CCONJ (224; 2% instances), X (110; 1% instances), NUM (82; 1% instances), DET (71; 1% instances), PRON (54; 0% instances), ADV (26; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)
PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]