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PART: particle

Definition

Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, or subordinating conjunctions). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood etc. Ukrainian particles are not inflected.

Note that response words such as так  “yes”, ні  “no”, etc. are considered particles in grammars of Ukrainian but they are tagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ні  can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “nor”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a conjunction.

Examples


Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)

There are 39 PART lemmas (1%), 39 PART types (1%) and 319 PART tokens (2%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 8 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: не, навіть, ще, ж, лише, і, й, аж, саме, таки

The 10 most frequent PART types: не, навіть, ще, ж, лише, і, й, аж, саме, таки

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ще (ADV 21, PART 16), і (CCONJ 271, PART 13), й (CCONJ 37, PART 11), саме (PART 7, ADV 1), то (SCONJ 8, PRON 6, PART 6, CCONJ 4), чи (CCONJ 9, PART 6, SCONJ 3), тільки (PART 5, ADV 2, SCONJ 1), просто (PART 4, ADV 1), якраз (PART 4, ADV 4), а (CCONJ 64, PART 3)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ще (ADV 19, PART 14), і (CCONJ 258, PART 9), й (CCONJ 36, PART 11), саме (PART 5, ADV 1, DET 1), то (SCONJ 8, PART 4, CCONJ 4, PRON 2), чи (CCONJ 8, PART 4, SCONJ 3), тільки (PART 5, SCONJ 1, ADV 1), просто (PART 4, ADV 1), якраз (PART 2, ADV 1), а (CCONJ 46, PART 2)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.380843).

The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “а”: а.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “аж”: аж.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “б”: б.

PART occurs with 2 features: uk-feat/Polarity (144; 45% instances), uk-feat/PronType (1; 0% instances)

PART occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Polarity=Neg, PronType=Prs

PART occurs with 3 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (174 tokens). Examples: навіть, ще, ж, лише, і, й, аж, саме, таки, то

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 4 different relations: uk-dep/discourse (166; 52% instances), uk-dep/advmod (144; 45% instances), uk-dep/fixed (8; 3% instances), uk-dep/conj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (171; 54% instances), NOUN (47; 15% instances), ADV (42; 13% instances), ADJ (16; 5% instances), PART (11; 3% instances), PRON (11; 3% instances), PROPN (8; 3% instances), DET (6; 2% instances), CCONJ (2; 1% instances), SCONJ (2; 1% instances), ADP (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

307 (96%) PART nodes are leaves.

11 (3%) PART nodes have one child.

0 (0%) PART nodes have two children.

1 (0%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 3.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 5 different relations: uk-dep/fixed (7; 50% instances), uk-dep/advmod (4; 29% instances), uk-dep/cc (1; 7% instances), uk-dep/discourse (1; 7% instances), uk-dep/punct (1; 7% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: PART (11; 79% instances), ADV (1; 7% instances), CCONJ (1; 7% instances), PUNCT (1; 7% instances)


PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]