PART
: particle
Definition
Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, or subordinating conjunctions). Particles may encode grammatical categories such as negation, mood etc. Ukrainian particles are not inflected.
Note that response words such as так “yes”, ні “no”, etc. are considered particles in grammars of Ukrainian but they are tagged as interjections under the UD standard. Also note that ні can be used in two ways, one would be translated as English “no” and the other as “nor”. Only the former should become interjection, while the latter will stay a conjunction.
Examples
- Sentence modality: но, хай, нехай (“May you have an enjoyable stay!”)
- тільки “just, only”
- аж “only, as late as, even, up to”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)
There are 39 PART
lemmas (1%), 39 PART
types (1%) and 319 PART
tokens (2%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART
is: 8 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent PART
lemmas: не, навіть, ще, ж, лише, і, й, аж, саме, таки
The 10 most frequent PART
types: не, навіть, ще, ж, лише, і, й, аж, саме, таки
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ще (ADV 21, PART 16), і (CCONJ 271, PART 13), й (CCONJ 37, PART 11), саме (PART 7, ADV 1), то (SCONJ 8, PRON 6, PART 6, CCONJ 4), чи (CCONJ 9, PART 6, SCONJ 3), тільки (PART 5, ADV 2, SCONJ 1), просто (PART 4, ADV 1), якраз (PART 4, ADV 4), а (CCONJ 64, PART 3)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ще (ADV 19, PART 14), і (CCONJ 258, PART 9), й (CCONJ 36, PART 11), саме (PART 5, ADV 1, DET 1), то (SCONJ 8, PART 4, CCONJ 4, PRON 2), чи (CCONJ 8, PART 4, SCONJ 3), тільки (PART 5, SCONJ 1, ADV 1), просто (PART 4, ADV 1), якраз (PART 2, ADV 1), а (CCONJ 46, PART 2)
- ще
- і
- й
- саме
- то
- чи
- тільки
- просто
- якраз
- а
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of PART
is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.380843).
The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “а”: а.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “аж”: аж.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “б”: б.
PART
occurs with 2 features: uk-feat/Polarity (144; 45% instances), uk-feat/PronType (1; 0% instances)
PART
occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Polarity=Neg
, PronType=Prs
PART
occurs with 3 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(174 tokens).
Examples: навіть, ще, ж, лише, і, й, аж, саме, таки, то
Relations
PART
nodes are attached to their parents using 4 different relations: uk-dep/discourse (166; 52% instances), uk-dep/advmod (144; 45% instances), uk-dep/fixed (8; 3% instances), uk-dep/conj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of PART
nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (171; 54% instances), NOUN (47; 15% instances), ADV (42; 13% instances), ADJ (16; 5% instances), PART (11; 3% instances), PRON (11; 3% instances), PROPN (8; 3% instances), DET (6; 2% instances), CCONJ (2; 1% instances), SCONJ (2; 1% instances), ADP (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)
307 (96%) PART
nodes are leaves.
11 (3%) PART
nodes have one child.
0 (0%) PART
nodes have two children.
1 (0%) PART
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a PART
node is 3.
Children of PART
nodes are attached using 5 different relations: uk-dep/fixed (7; 50% instances), uk-dep/advmod (4; 29% instances), uk-dep/cc (1; 7% instances), uk-dep/discourse (1; 7% instances), uk-dep/punct (1; 7% instances)
Children of PART
nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: PART (11; 79% instances), ADV (1; 7% instances), CCONJ (1; 7% instances), PUNCT (1; 7% instances)
PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]