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PART: particle

In Portuguese, PART is used to tag prefixes that form complex words, but not compounds. In ex-presidente, anti-capitalista, vice-diretor, pós-graduação, the morphemes ex-, anti-, vice-, pós- should be tagged as PART. Note that when one uses one of those prefixes alone (in a sentence as Minha pós não acaba nunca. (My post-grad never ends.)) “pós” still stands for “pós-graduação”. This is different from compound words, such as norte-americano, meio-campo, porta-voz, in which there is no particle and one cannot use only the prefix to recall the entire sense of the compound. Weekday names, such as segunda-feira, are analysed as compound words, even if the first part is used for the whole e.g. Essa quarta, sem falta (This Wednesday, without failing.). Words such as fim-de-semana, a partir de, de novo are MWEs and their elements should not be tagged as PART.

This means that prefixed words should be split in the tokenization step. Note that hyphenation is still a big issue here, since many of those complex words formed by particles would not necessarily be split by a hyphen. Hyphenation is discussed in the new Regulation of Portuguese Orthography (2009) and some specific cases are explictly ruled: vice- and ex- always come with hyphen. But not all cases are specified and many dictionaries (and old corpora) carry both forms anti-capitalista and anticapitalista.

Part is also used for negative particles, as não, nem in predicative contexts. Note that negative adverbs, as nunca, jamais are still tagged as ADV.

Examples:

Negative particles: não, nem

Prefixes: anti-, ex-, pós-, vice-, primeiro-, pró-, infra-

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese)

There are 4 PART lemmas (0%), 4 PART types (0%) and 5 PART tokens (0%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 17 in number of lemmas, 17 in number of types and 17 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: ex, anti, pré, pós

The 10 most frequent PART types: ex, anti, pré-, pós

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas:

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types:

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 1.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.425915).

The 1st highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “anti”: anti.

The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “ex”: ex.

The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “pré”: pré-.

PART occurs with 2 features: pt-feat/Gender (1; 20% instances), pt-feat/Number (1; 20% instances)

PART occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Gender=Masc, Number=Sing

PART occurs with 2 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (4 tokens). Examples: ex, anti, pré-

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 1 different relations: pt-dep/dep (5; 100% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 3 different parts of speech: NOUN (3; 60% instances), NUM (1; 20% instances), PROPN (1; 20% instances)

3 (60%) PART nodes are leaves.

0 (0%) PART nodes have one child.

0 (0%) PART nodes have two children.

2 (40%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 3.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 4 different relations: pt-dep/punct (3; 50% instances), pt-dep/case (1; 17% instances), pt-dep/conj (1; 17% instances), pt-dep/det (1; 17% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: PUNCT (3; 50% instances), ADP (1; 17% instances), DET (1; 17% instances), NOUN (1; 17% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Portuguese-BR)

There are 1 PART lemmas (5%), 70 PART types (0%) and 687 PART tokens (0%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 9 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: _

The 10 most frequent PART types: se, ex, vice, pré, auto, latino, claro, recém, ai, aí

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: _ (NOUN 51670, PUNCT 37916, PROPN 29660, ADP 27823, VERB 26752, DET 23518, ADJ 13618, CCONJ 9896, ADV 8825, NUM 7639, PRON 6681, AUX 4729, PART 687, X 472)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: se (PRON 687, PART 362, CCONJ 173, ADP 3, PROPN 1), ex (PART 134, X 1, NOUN 1), vice (PART 44, NOUN 9, ADJ 3), pré (PART 29, ADJ 1), latino (PART 7, ADJ 3), claro (ADJ 26, PART 5, NOUN 2), recém (PART 5, ADV 1), ai (PART 3, ADV 2), aí (ADV 12, PART 1), bem (ADV 123, NOUN 5, PART 2)

• se
  • PRON 687: Muitos clientes se anteciparam e garantiram as reservas .
  • PART 362: Especula - se sobre a possibilidade de estar extinta .
  • CCONJ 173: ” Mas se precisasse , usaria sim “ , diisse .
  • ADP 3: Se tiver , vamos atender , se não , vamos usar outros .
  • PROPN 1: A experiência adquirida a o longo de 20 anos acaba de virar o livro “ Vá se drenar !
• ex
  • PART 134: En o Twitter , a ex - BBB voltou a comentar .
  • X 1: Os ministros Paulo Bernardo ( Comunicações ) e Gleisi Hoffmann ( Casa Civil ) discutirão nesta terça - feira ( 9 ) estratégia para tentar convencer o ex - presidente Lula a subir en o palanque de Gustavo Fruet ( PDT ) en o segundo turno de a disputa por a Prefeitura de Curitiba .
  • NOUN 1: A entojada se aproxima de Conrado bem en a hora que ele está admirando a ex .
• vice
  • PART 44: A série de participações receberá os dez candidatos a vice - prefeito .
  • NOUN 9: Agra seria o vice que Cássio tanto quis e nunca teve .
  • ADJ 3: Entre os nomes cotados para receber o apoio de o prefeito está o candidato a vice en a chapa de Magalhães , Orly Gomes ( DEM ) , que é o mais forte deles .
• pré
  • PART 29: A banda Oficina G3 já iniciou a pré - produção de seu novo álbum .
  • ADJ 1: Tozo não chegou nem a viajar para Sairé , onde a equipe realiza pré - temporada .
• latino
  • PART 7: A situação envolvia três terroristas latino - americanos que levavam explosivos para o Estádio de o Maracanã .
  • ADJ 3: Elzevirium – nome latino de a prestigiada editora , ainda existente , Elsevier .
• claro
  • ADJ 26: Quero deixar claro que estou longe de ser um atleta exemplar .
  • PART 5: Como todos , claro que ele sabe quanto vai ser difícil seu trabalho .
  • NOUN 2: Mas é claro que vejo com bons olhos o fato de que a minha música pode agradar pessoas que são fãs de outros estilos musicais “ , afirmou .
• recém
  • PART 5: O impacto de as batidas lançou o recém - nascido , mesmo com o assento infantil , para dentro de o porta - malas .
  • ADV 1: En o minuto seguinte , Léo Gago , que recém entrara en a partida , cobrou falta de intermediária com força , en o cantinho : golaço de o Grêmio .
• ai
  • PART 3: Ai , ai , ai .
  • ADV 2: Quando ela for adolescente e quiser , ai tudo bem , a decisão é dela “ .
• aí
  • ADV 12: Mais uma , estamos juntos aí en a tão sonhada final !
  • PART 1: E aí , o que acharam ?
• bem
  • ADV 123: O Boca nos controlou bem e soube aproveitar as oportunidades que teve .
  • NOUN 5: Aliás , isso é o que me realiza e me faz querer ser prefeito : o desejo de fazer o bem a as pessoas .
  • PART 2: E , pois bem , quem era Jack Riley ?

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 70.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1740.105263).

The 1st highest number of forms (70) was observed with the lemma “_”: ’s, Agora, Avante, Cara, Desculpe, Intra, Nè, Ok, Olá, Oxalá, Sucesso, afro, ai, alvi, ante, anti, ar, atenção, auto, aí, bem, claro, co, contra, cyber, eba, então, ex, extra, foi, franco, germano, grão, hein, hélio, in, infanto, infra, inter, ir, latino, lá, mamilo, micro, on, pan, para, pois, prático, pré, pró, pós, pô, público, recém, rs, s, se, su, sub, supra, tele, to, tá, ultra, utz, vice, viu, ão, é.

PART does not occur with any features.

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 17 different relations: pt-dep/expl:pv (367; 53% instances), pt-dep/nmod (75; 11% instances), pt-dep/nsubj (44; 6% instances), pt-dep/conj (42; 6% instances), pt-dep/dep (36; 5% instances), pt-dep/amod (33; 5% instances), pt-dep/appos (33; 5% instances), pt-dep/obj (25; 4% instances), pt-dep/root (11; 2% instances), pt-dep/advmod (7; 1% instances), pt-dep/nsubj:pass (6; 1% instances), pt-dep/mark (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/parataxis (2; 0% instances), pt-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/cop (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/flat (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (448; 65% instances), NOUN (128; 19% instances), PROPN (37; 5% instances), ADJ (35; 5% instances), PART (18; 3% instances), ROOT (11; 2% instances), PRON (5; 1% instances), ADV (3; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

423 (62%) PART nodes are leaves.

18 (3%) PART nodes have one child.

19 (3%) PART nodes have two children.

227 (33%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 9.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 21 different relations: pt-dep/punct (341; 30% instances), pt-dep/flat (231; 20% instances), pt-dep/det (151; 13% instances), pt-dep/nmod (99; 9% instances), pt-dep/appos (90; 8% instances), pt-dep/case (81; 7% instances), pt-dep/conj (35; 3% instances), pt-dep/amod (26; 2% instances), pt-dep/cc (26; 2% instances), pt-dep/cop (11; 1% instances), pt-dep/acl:part (10; 1% instances), pt-dep/acl:relcl (9; 1% instances), pt-dep/nsubj (8; 1% instances), pt-dep/det:poss (7; 1% instances), pt-dep/advmod (5; 0% instances), pt-dep/nummod (3; 0% instances), pt-dep/advcl (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/expl:pv (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/fixed (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/mark (1; 0% instances), pt-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: PUNCT (341; 30% instances), NOUN (269; 24% instances), PROPN (168; 15% instances), DET (158; 14% instances), ADP (81; 7% instances), VERB (31; 3% instances), ADJ (30; 3% instances), CCONJ (27; 2% instances), PART (18; 2% instances), ADV (5; 0% instances), NUM (5; 0% instances), PRON (5; 0% instances)

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PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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