PART

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This page still pertains to UD version 1.

`PART`: particle

Definition

In Ancient Greek grammar the term particle is used as a cover term for words belonging to different PoS.

With reference to UD, only those words that do not clearly belong to any other part of speech are labeled as PART. The list for them can be found in Smyth 1920: 631-671, excluding (coordinating and subordinating) conjunctions and adverbs such as καί ‘even’. Most Ancient Greek particles can be defined as sentence adverbs.

Examples

ἀτάρ “however”
αὖ “on the other hand”
δή “certainly”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 40 PART lemmas (0%), 96 PART types (0%) and 13629 PART tokens (7%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of PART is: 8 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 6 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PART lemmas: δέ, τε, γάρ, μέν, ἄν, ἄρα, γε, δή, ἀτάρ, μή

The 10 most frequent PART types: δ̓, δὲ, τε, μὲν, γὰρ, δέ, τ̓, δὴ, ἂν, γε

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: δέ (PART 6037, ADV 1684, CCONJ 483), τε (PART 1730, ADV 426, CCONJ 69), γάρ (PART 962, ADV 478), μέν (PART 869, ADV 690), ἄν (PART 802, ADV 156, SCONJ 1), ἄρα (PART 775, ADV 30), γε (PART 520, ADV 62), δή (PART 424, ADV 187), ἀτάρ (PART 286, CCONJ 47), μή (CCONJ 231, ADV 218, PART 201)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: δ̓ (PART 3496, ADV 257, CCONJ 119), δὲ (PART 1884, ADV 1359, CCONJ 438), τε (PART 1130, ADV 413, CCONJ 51), μὲν (PART 766, ADV 642), γὰρ (PART 763, ADV 428), δέ (PART 671, ADV 68, CCONJ 16), τ̓ (PART 465, CCONJ 12, PRON 8, ADV 8), δὴ (PART 330, ADV 169), ἂν (PART 295, ADV 127, ADP 11, SCONJ 4), γε (PART 283, ADV 49)

δ̓
- PART 3496: σχεδὸν δ̓ ἐπίσταμαί τι πῆμ̓ ἔχοντά νιν ·
- ADV 257: ὁ δ̓ αὐτοῖς ἀνεῖλε παραδοῦναι καὶ ἡγεμόνας ποιεῖσθαι .
- CCONJ 119: τῇ δ̓ ὑστεραίᾳ συνήχθη μὲν ὁ δῆμος , εἰσῆλθον δ̓ οἱ πρέσβεις .
δὲ
- PART 1884: ἐκ δὲ δασκίου γενειάδος κρουνοὶ διερραίνοντο κρηναίου ποτοῦ .
- ADV 1359: τεκμηριοῖ δὲ μάλιστα Ὅμηρος ·
- CCONJ 438: τοῦτο δὲ ποιήσαντες αὖθις ἁθροισθέντες ἐπέπλεον τοῖς Κερκυραίοις .
τε
- PART 1130: ἔγωγέ τοι σφ̓ ἔλειπον ἰσχύοντά τε καὶ ζῶντα καὶ θάλλοντα κοὐ νόσῳ βαρύν .
- ADV 413: καὶ οὐχ ἧσσον λῃσταὶ ἦσαν οἱ νησιῶται , Κᾶρές τε ὄντες καὶ Φοίνικες ·
- CCONJ 51: οὐδέ κεν ἡμέας ἄλλο διέκρινεν φιλέοντέ τε τερπομένω τε .
μὲν
- PART 766: καὶ τρόπον μὲν ἂν πόνων οὐκ ἂν διείποιμ̓ ·
- ADV 642: καὶ ἐς μὲν ἀκρόασιν ἴσως τὸ μὴ μυθῶδες αὐτῶν ἀτερπέστερον φανεῖται ·
γὰρ
- PART 763: οὐ γὰρ οἶδ̓ ·
- ADV 428: πρὸ γὰρ τῶν Τρωικῶν οὐδὲν φαίνεται πρότερον κοινῇ ἐργασαμένη ἡ Ἑλλάς ·
δέ
- PART 671: αὗται δέ , πρὸς θεῶν , τοῦ ποτ̓ εἰσὶ καὶ τίνες ;
- ADV 68: δηλοῖ δέ μοι καὶ τόδε τῶν παλαιῶν ἀσθένειαν οὐχ ἥκιστα ·
- CCONJ 16: ἀφορμῆς δὲ δέομαι , καταθήσω δέ σοι ἐννέ̓ ὀβολοὺς τῆς μνᾶς τόκους .
τ̓
- PART 465: σοὶ ταῖσδέ τ̓ οὐδὲν εἴργεται , τούτους δ̓ ἔα .
- CCONJ 12: ᾧ καὶ ἐπαπέθανεν ὁ ἐραστὴς Ἀριστόδημος , λύσιν τ̓ ἔλαβε τὸ δεινόν .
- PRON 8: ἔνθ̓ ἄλλοι Τρῶες τηλεκλειτοί τ̓ ἐπίκουροι βουλῇ Πουλυδάμαντος ἀμωμήτοιο πίθοντο ·
- ADV 8: ἥμεθα δαινύμενοι κρέα τ̓ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ .
δὴ
- PART 330: πάθη μὲν οὖν δὴ πόλλ̓ ἔγωγ̓ ἐκλαυσάμην ·
- ADV 169: οὗτοι γὰρ δὴ τὰς πλείστας τῶν νήσων ᾤκησαν .
ἂν
- PART 295: καὶ τρόπον μὲν ἂν πόνων οὐκ ἂν διείποιμ̓ ·
- ADV 127: ὡς δὲ οὐκ ἂν δικαίως αὐτοὺς δέχοισθε μαθεῖν χρή .
- ADP 11: καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐν μέσσῃ ἀγορῇ θέσαν , ἂν δ̓ Ἀγαμέμνων ἵστατο ·
- SCONJ 4: τὰ δ̓ ἂν νήφοντες προβουλεύσωνται , μεθυσκόμενοι ἐπιδιαγινώσκουσι .
γε
- PART 283: οὗτος γὰρ ἄρχει καὶ θεῶν ὅπως θέλει , κἀμοῦ γε ·
- ADV 49: μόλις δὲ νῦν γε ξυνήλθομεν καὶ οὐδὲ νῦν ἐπὶ φανεροῖς .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PART is 2.400000 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.038201).

The 1st highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “ἄν”: κ̓, κέ, κέν, κε, κεν, κἂν, τἂν, χ̓, ἂν, ἃν, ἄν.

The 2nd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “ἄρα”: τἄῤ, τἄρα, τὰρ, ἂρ, ἄρ, ἄῤ, ἄρά, ἄρα, ῥ̓, ῥά, ῥα.

The 3rd highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “οὐδέ”: δ̓, δέ, δὲ, κοὐδ̓, οὐ, οὐδὲ.

PART does not occur with any features.

Relations

PART nodes are attached to their parents using 8 different relations: grc-dep/advmod (8759; 64% instances), grc-dep/cc (4851; 36% instances), grc-dep/mark (10; 0% instances), grc-dep/punct (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/case (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/nmod (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/vocative (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PART nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (10863; 80% instances), NOUN (1320; 10% instances), ADJ (613; 4% instances), PRON (410; 3% instances), ADV (221; 2% instances), PART (69; 1% instances), SCONJ (52; 0% instances), CCONJ (31; 0% instances), ADP (25; 0% instances), DET (10; 0% instances), INTJ (6; 0% instances), NUM (5; 0% instances), X (3; 0% instances), PUNCT (1; 0% instances)

13470 (99%) PART nodes are leaves.

149 (1%) PART nodes have one child.

8 (0%) PART nodes have two children.

2 (0%) PART nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PART node is 3.

Children of PART nodes are attached using 6 different relations: grc-dep/advmod (144; 84% instances), grc-dep/punct (19; 11% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (3; 2% instances), grc-dep/advcl (2; 1% instances), grc-dep/nmod (2; 1% instances), grc-dep/det (1; 1% instances)

Children of PART nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: PART (69; 40% instances), ADV (56; 33% instances), PUNCT (19; 11% instances), CCONJ (18; 11% instances), NOUN (3; 2% instances), ADJ (2; 1% instances), VERB (2; 1% instances), DET (1; 1% instances), PRON (1; 1% instances)

PART in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]