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PronType: pronominal type

This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners, pronominal numerals (quantifiers) and pronominal adverbs.

Prs: personal or possessive personal pronoun or determiner

See also the Poss feature that distinguishes normal personal pronouns from possessives. Note that Prs also includes reflexive personal/possessive pronouns (see the Reflex feature).

Examples

• Personal pronouns: Uno di loro “One among them”, Per lui è utile “For him it’s useful”
• Possessive pronouns (Poss=Yes): La sua è migliore “Hers is better”, I suoi sono felici “Her/his [parents] are happy”
• Possessive determiners/adjectives (Poss=Yes): La sua scuola è migliore “Her/his school is better”, I loro amici “Their friends”.

Note: the category clitic pronouns includes cases such as: Si è trasformato “Has transformed itself” (reflexive), Ti ho dato “I have given you” (indirect object), Ora si cerca il colpevole “Now one/somebody searches for the culprit” (impersonal form), Lo vediamo spesso “We often see him/it”. These are not marked by the appropriate PronType.

Rcp: reciprocal pronoun

We do not seem to have cases of reciprocal pronouns in Italian.

Art: article

Article is a special case of determiner that bears the feature of definiteness.

Examples

• Definite articles (Definite=Def): La luna “The moon”, I regali di Natale “Christmas presents”
• Indefinite articles (Definite=Ind): Un amico “A friend”, Una sorpresa “A surprise”

Int: interrogative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

Note that possessive interrogative determiners (whose) can be distinguished by the Poss feature.

Examples:

• Interrogative pronouns: Chi è il presidente? “Who is the president?”
• Interrogative determiners: Che cosa faremo adesso? “What shall we do now?”, Quale libro hai letto? “Which book did you read?”

Note: for the time being we do not use the feature ProntType=Int interrogative pronouns such as dove “where” and quando “when” in sentences like Dov’ è Siena? “Where is Siena?”.

Rel: relative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

Examples:

• Relative pronouns: La strada che porta al mare “The road which leads to the sea”, Il libro che ho letto “The book that I read”.
• Relative determiners: Un autore sul cui futuro puoi scommettere “An author on whose future you can bet”.

Dem: demonstrative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

These are often parallel to interrogatives. Some tagsets might also distinguish a separate feature of distance (here / there; [es] aquí / ahí / allí).

Examples

• Demonstrative pronouns: Per questo sono ambiziosi “For this [reason] they are ambitious”.
• Demonstrative determiners: Parte di questo denaro “Part of this money”.

Note: Demonstrative adverbs such as qui “here” and là “there”, ora “now” e allora “then” are not marked with PronType=Dem.

Tot: total (collective) pronoun, determiner or adverb

Examples

We are not using PronType=Tot.

Neg: negative pronoun, determiner or adverb

Examples:

We distinguish only negative adverbs such as: non, nemmeno, _neppure.

Ind: indefinite pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb

Examples

• Indefinite pronouns: uno “one”, tutti “everybody”, ognuno “each one”, chiunque “anybody”, qualcosa “something”, qualcuno “somebody”
• indefinite determiners: tutti “all”, qualche “some”, ogni “each”, alcuni “some”, diversi “several”

Exc: exclamative determiners. This value is language specific.

Examples

• che disastro “what a disaster”, che catastrofe “what a catastrophe”

Clit: clitic pronouns. This value is language specific.

Used for clitic pronouns, part of speech PRON/PC.

Examples

• mi viene in mente “it comes to my mind”
• capace di farl lo “capable to do it”
• si convincono “they convince themselves”
• ci sono troppi ostacoli “there are too many obstacles”

Predet: predeterminer. This value is language specific.

It is always used along with det:predet dependency relations.

Examples

• tutta la giornata “all day”
• tutti gli esseri umani “all human beings”
• entrambi i prigionieri “both prisoners”

Ord: ordinal pronouns. This value is language specific.

It is used to mark ordinal pronouns. Part of speech is PRON/NO. When ordinals are used as noun modifiers they are marked as [ADJ].

Examples

• Il primo sostiene che … “the first asserts that …
• Un quarto d’ora “a quarter of an hour”
• Valentina è quinta “Valentina is fifth”

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)

This feature is universal but the values Exc are language-specific. It occurs with 9 different values: Art, Dem, Exc, Ind, Int, Neg, Prs, Rel, Tot.

58587 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of PronType. 343 types (1%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of PronType. 162 lemmas (1%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of PronType. The feature is used with 4 part-of-speech tags: it-pos/DET (45942; 16% instances), it-pos/PRON (10772; 4% instances), it-pos/ADV (1872; 1% instances), it-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances).

DET

45942 it-pos/DET tokens (100% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and PronType co-occurred: Definite=Def (35925; 78%), Number=Sing (33428; 73%).

DET tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Art (40339; 88% of non-empty PronType): il, la, i, l’, le, un, gli, una, lo, un’
• Dem (1031; 2% of non-empty PronType): questo, questa, questi, tale, queste, quest’, quel, tali, quella, tal
• Exc (4; 0% of non-empty PronType): che
• Ind (1496; 3% of non-empty PronType): ogni, alcuni, qualche, molti, più, qualsiasi, molte, diversi, alcune, pochi
• Int (901; 2% of non-empty PronType): quale, che, quanti, quante, quali, quanta, quanto, Qual, quel
• Prs (1751; 4% of non-empty PronType): sua, suo, loro, suoi, sue, proprio, nostra, mio, nostro, nostri
• Rel (41; 0% of non-empty PronType): cui, quali
• Tot (379; 1% of non-empty PronType): tutti, tutte, tutto, tutta, entrambi, entrambe, ambedue, tutt’
• EMPTY (16): l’, il, de, la, che, da, moltissime, tanti, tutt’

Paradigm quale	Int	Rel
Number=Sing	quale
Number=Plur	quali	quali

PronType seems to be lexical feature of DET. 95% lemmas (83) occur only with one value of PronType.

PRON

10772 it-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and PronType co-occurred: Gender=EMPTY (7852; 73%), Person=EMPTY (6341; 59%), Clitic=EMPTY (6305; 59%), Number=EMPTY (6106; 57%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Art (2; 0% of non-empty PronType): le
• Dem (800; 7% of non-empty PronType): quello, questo, ciò, quella, quelli, quelle, questa, questi, coloro, queste
• Ind (987; 9% of non-empty PronType): uno, tutto, tutti, altri, una, altro, nessuno, più, molti, nulla
• Int (852; 8% of non-empty PronType): chi, qual, cosa, quanto, cos’, che, quale, Quanti, Quali, Quante
• Prs (5176; 48% of non-empty PronType): si, ci, lo, ne, mi, c’, la, li, gli, lui
• Rel (2955; 27% of non-empty PronType): che, cui, chi, quale, quanto, quali, dove, chiunque, quando, come
• EMPTY (1): mezzo

Paradigm quanto	Int	Rel	Ind
_		quanto
Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	quanto	quanto	quanto
Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	Quanti	quanti
Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	Quante
Number=Sing	quanto	quanto

ADV

1872 it-pos/ADV tokens (17% of all ADV tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

ADV tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Neg (1872; 100% of non-empty PronType): non, neppure, nemmeno, no, neanche, mica, nè, perniente
• EMPTY (8944): più, anche, dove, come, quando, solo, prima, sempre, poi, ancora

ADJ

1 it-pos/ADJ tokens (0% of all ADJ tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which ADJ and PronType co-occurred: Number=Sing (1; 100%), Gender=Fem (1; 100%).

ADJ tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Prs (1; 100% of non-empty PronType): propria
• EMPTY (18256): primo, prima, grande, nuovo, presente, altri, altro, stesso, comune, italiana

Relations with Agreement in PronType

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in PronType: PRON –[conj]–> PRON (32; 82%), DET –[conj]–> DET (2; 100%), PRON –[expl]–> PRON (1; 100%), PRON –[orphan]–> PRON (1; 100%).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian-ParTUT)

This feature is universal. It occurs with 8 different values: Art, Dem, Ind, Int, Neg, Prs, Rel, Tot.

8934 tokens (21%) have a non-empty value of PronType. 218 types (3%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of PronType. 91 lemmas (2%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of PronType. The feature is used with 3 part-of-speech tags: it-pos/DET (7315; 17% instances), it-pos/PRON (1368; 3% instances), it-pos/ADV (251; 1% instances).

DET

7315 it-pos/DET tokens (100% of all DET tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which DET and PronType co-occurred: Definite=Def (5512; 75%), Number=Sing (5218; 71%).

DET tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Art (6276; 86% of non-empty PronType): il, la, l’, i, le, un, gli, una, un’, lo
• Dem (243; 3% of non-empty PronType): questo, tale, questa, tali, questi, queste, quest’, tal, quei, quel
• Ind (264; 4% of non-empty PronType): ogni, alcuni, più, molti, qualsiasi, alcuna, diversi, alcun, alcune, molte
• Int (9; 0% of non-empty PronType): quali, Che, quante, quanti
• Prs (448; 6% of non-empty PronType): sua, suo, loro, sue, suoi, mio, nostra, nostro, proprio, nostri
• Rel (7; 0% of non-empty PronType): cui
• Tot (68; 1% of non-empty PronType): tutti, tutto, tutte, tutta, entrambe, entrambi

Paradigm tutto	Tot	Ind
Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	tutto	tutto
Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	tutti	tutti
Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	tutta
Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	tutte
Number=Sing		tutto

PronType seems to be lexical feature of DET. 98% lemmas (49) occur only with one value of PronType.

PRON

1368 it-pos/PRON tokens (100% of all PRON tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

The most frequent other feature values with which PRON and PronType co-occurred: Clitic=EMPTY (892; 65%), Gender=EMPTY (849; 62%), Person=EMPTY (833; 61%).

PRON tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Dem (142; 10% of non-empty PronType): ciò, quello, questo, quella, questa, coloro, quelli, quelle, questi, queste
• Ind (185; 14% of non-empty PronType): uno, altri, alcuni, tutto, molti, una, altro, molte, tutti, nulla
• Int (8; 1% of non-empty PronType): cosa, qual, Quanti, quale, quanto
• Prs (597; 44% of non-empty PronType): si, lo, ci, ne, mi, vi, noi, c’, la, le
• Rel (436; 32% of non-empty PronType): che, cui, quanto, quale, quali, chi, chiunque

Paradigm uno	Prs	Ind
Gender=Masc|Number=Sing		uno, un
Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3	uni
Gender=Fem|Number=Sing		una

PronType seems to be lexical feature of PRON. 95% lemmas (59) occur only with one value of PronType.

ADV

251 it-pos/ADV tokens (17% of all ADV tokens) have a non-empty value of PronType.

ADV tokens may have the following values of PronType:

• Neg (251; 100% of non-empty PronType): non, neanche, neppure, no
• EMPTY (1212): più, anche, solo, oggi, molto, ora, così, già, tuttavia, meno

Relations with Agreement in PronType

The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in PronType: DET –[conj]–> DET (2; 100%), PRON –[conj]–> PRON (1; 100%).

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PronType in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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