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ADV: adverb

Definition

Adverbs can be morphologically defined as a set of words whose form is fixed. A number of adverbs were originally nouns in a certain case (see, for example, the adverbial accusative in Smyth 1920: 361).

Syntactically, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs have to be distinguished from particles, even though the criteria for such distinction are not always clear-cut (see definition for PART).

Examples

• σοφῶς “wisely”
• ὁμόσε “to the same place”
• πῶς “how?”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 797 ADV lemmas (6%), 1077 ADV types (3%) and 16512 ADV tokens (9%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADV is: 4 in number of lemmas, 4 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADV lemmas: οὐ, δέ, καί, ὡς, μέν, νῦν, γάρ, τε, ἀλλά, ἔπειτα

The 10 most frequent ADV types: δὲ, καὶ, οὐ, μὲν, ὣς, οὐκ, γὰρ, νῦν, τε, οὔ

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: δέ (PART 6037, ADV 1684, CCONJ 483), καί (CCONJ 3689, ADV 1385), ὡς (ADV 844, SCONJ 428, INTJ 6, ADP 2), μέν (PART 869, ADV 690), γάρ (PART 962, ADV 478), τε (PART 1730, ADV 426, CCONJ 69), ἀλλά (CCONJ 493, ADV 424), ἔπειτα (ADV 240, CCONJ 3), μή (CCONJ 231, ADV 218, PART 201), οὖν (ADV 194, PART 89)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: δὲ (PART 1884, ADV 1359, CCONJ 438), καὶ (CCONJ 3495, ADV 1351, SCONJ 1), οὐ (ADV 944, PART 90), μὲν (PART 766, ADV 642), ὣς (ADV 514, SCONJ 17), γὰρ (PART 763, ADV 428), τε (PART 1130, ADV 413, CCONJ 51), ἀλλ̓ (CCONJ 312, ADV 273), ὡς (SCONJ 373, ADV 266, INTJ 6, ADP 2), δ̓ (PART 3496, ADV 257, CCONJ 119)

• δὲ
  • PART 1884: ἐκ δὲ δασκίου γενειάδος κρουνοὶ διερραίνοντο κρηναίου ποτοῦ .
  • ADV 1359: τεκμηριοῖ δὲ μάλιστα Ὅμηρος ·
  • CCONJ 438: τοῦτο δὲ ποιήσαντες αὖθις ἁθροισθέντες ἐπέπλεον τοῖς Κερκυραίοις .
• καὶ
  • CCONJ 3495: καὶ οὐχ ἧσσον λῃσταὶ ἦσαν οἱ νησιῶται , Κᾶρές τε ὄντες καὶ Φοίνικες ·
  • ADV 1351: δηλοῖ δέ μοι καὶ τόδε τῶν παλαιῶν ἀσθένειαν οὐχ ἥκιστα ·
  • SCONJ 1: ἦ καὶ Πατρόκλῳ ὅ γ̓ ἐπ̓ ὀφρύσι νεῦσε σιωπῇ Φοίνικι στορέσαι πυκινὸν λέχος , ὄφρα τάχιστα ἐκ κλισίης νόστοιο μεδοίατο ·
• οὐ
  • ADV 944: εἰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλοσέ ποι βούλεσθε πλεῖν , οὐ κωλύομεν ·
  • PART 90: ἀνάλγητα γὰρ οὐ δ̓ ὁ πάντα κραίνων βασιλεὺς ἐπέβαλε θνατοῖς Κρονίδας ·
• μὲν
  • PART 766: καὶ τρόπον μὲν ἂν πόνων οὐκ ἂν διείποιμ̓ ·
  • ADV 642: καὶ ἐς μὲν ἀκρόασιν ἴσως τὸ μὴ μυθῶδες αὐτῶν ἀτερπέστερον φανεῖται ·
• ὣς
  • ADV 514: εἶτα φοινίας ἐχθρᾶς ἐχίδνης ἰὸς ὣς ἐδαίνυτο .
  • SCONJ 17: ὣς ἄῤ ἔφη Ἑκάτη ·
• γὰρ
  • PART 763: οὐ γὰρ οἶδ̓ ·
  • ADV 428: πρὸ γὰρ τῶν Τρωικῶν οὐδὲν φαίνεται πρότερον κοινῇ ἐργασαμένη ἡ Ἑλλάς ·
• τε
  • PART 1130: ἔγωγέ τοι σφ̓ ἔλειπον ἰσχύοντά τε καὶ ζῶντα καὶ θάλλοντα κοὐ νόσῳ βαρύν .
  • ADV 413: καὶ οὐχ ἧσσον λῃσταὶ ἦσαν οἱ νησιῶται , Κᾶρές τε ὄντες καὶ Φοίνικες ·
  • CCONJ 51: οὐδέ κεν ἡμέας ἄλλο διέκρινεν φιλέοντέ τε τερπομένω τε .
• ἀλλ̓
  • CCONJ 312: οἱ δὲ Κερκυραῖοι τὴν ἱκετείαν οὐκ ἐδέξαντο , ἀλλ̓ ἀπράκτους ἀπέπεμψαν .
  • ADV 273: ἀλλ̓ ἥσσους ἐσμέν ·
• ὡς
  • SCONJ 373: ὡς δὲ ἠδίκουν σαφές ἐστιν ·
  • ADV 266: αἰεὶ δὲ ὡς πρὸς εὖ βουλευομένους τοὺς ἐναντίους ἔργῳ παρασκευαζόμεθα ·
  • INTJ 6: ὦ Πέλοπος ἁ πρόσθεν πολύπονος ἱππεία , ὡς ἔμολες αἰανὴς τᾷδε γᾷ .
  • ADP 2: δεῦῤ ἴτ̓ , ἔλθετε ὡς τὰς ἀδελφὰς τάσδε τὰς ἐμὰς χέρας , αἳ τοῦ φυτουργοῦ πατρὸς ὑμὶν ὧδ̓ ὁρᾶν τὰ πρόσθε λαμπρὰ προυξένησαν ὄμματα ·
• δ̓
  • PART 3496: σχεδὸν δ̓ ἐπίσταμαί τι πῆμ̓ ἔχοντά νιν ·
  • ADV 257: ὁ δ̓ αὐτοῖς ἀνεῖλε παραδοῦναι καὶ ἡγεμόνας ποιεῖσθαι .
  • CCONJ 119: τῇ δ̓ ὑστεραίᾳ συνήχθη μὲν ὁ δῆμος , εἰσῆλθον δ̓ οἱ πρέσβεις .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADV is 1.351317 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.038201).

The 1st highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “οὐ”: κοὐ, κοὐκ, κοὐχ, οὐ, οὐκ, οὐκὶ, οὐχ, οὐχί, οὐχὶ, οὒ, οὔ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (8) was observed with the lemma “ποτέ”: κοτέ, κοτε, κοτὲ, ποτ̓, ποτέ, ποτε, ποτὲ, πότ̓.

The 3rd highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “μάλα”: μάλ̓, μάλα, μάλισθ̓, μάλιστ̓, μάλιστα, μᾶλλον.

ADV occurs with 1 features: grc-feat/Degree (45; 0% instances)

ADV occurs with 2 feature-value pairs: Degree=Cmp, Degree=Sup

ADV occurs with 3 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (16467 tokens). Examples: δὲ, καὶ, οὐ, μὲν, ὣς, οὐκ, γὰρ, νῦν, τε, οὔ

Relations

ADV nodes are attached to their parents using 16 different relations: grc-dep/advmod (15662; 95% instances), grc-dep/obj (399; 2% instances), grc-dep/nmod (137; 1% instances), grc-dep/conj (65; 0% instances), grc-dep/mark (64; 0% instances), grc-dep/case (51; 0% instances), grc-dep/cc (51; 0% instances), grc-dep/aux (22; 0% instances), grc-dep/root (16; 0% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (16; 0% instances), grc-dep/obl (10; 0% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (7; 0% instances), grc-dep/advcl (5; 0% instances), grc-dep/vocative (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/acl (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/punct (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADV nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (13317; 81% instances), NOUN (1102; 7% instances), ADJ (1097; 7% instances), ADV (450; 3% instances), PRON (349; 2% instances), PART (56; 0% instances), ADP (52; 0% instances), DET (26; 0% instances), SCONJ (26; 0% instances), ROOT (16; 0% instances), CCONJ (10; 0% instances), NUM (6; 0% instances), X (4; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)

15519 (94%) ADV nodes are leaves.

815 (5%) ADV nodes have one child.

111 (1%) ADV nodes have two children.

67 (0%) ADV nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADV node is 10.

Children of ADV nodes are attached using 20 different relations: grc-dep/advmod (763; 59% instances), grc-dep/punct (111; 9% instances), grc-dep/advcl (94; 7% instances), grc-dep/conj (77; 6% instances), grc-dep/cc (73; 6% instances), grc-dep/det (40; 3% instances), grc-dep/acl (27; 2% instances), grc-dep/cop (27; 2% instances), grc-dep/nmod (21; 2% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (18; 1% instances), grc-dep/case (17; 1% instances), grc-dep/obl (11; 1% instances), grc-dep/appos (3; 0% instances), grc-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/mark (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/vocative (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADV nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: ADV (450; 35% instances), PART (221; 17% instances), VERB (169; 13% instances), PUNCT (112; 9% instances), NOUN (102; 8% instances), CCONJ (70; 5% instances), ADJ (52; 4% instances), DET (48; 4% instances), PRON (37; 3% instances), ADP (26; 2% instances), SCONJ (5; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 450 ADV lemmas (5%), 562 ADV types (2%) and 21306 ADV tokens (11%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of ADV is: 5 in number of lemmas, 5 in number of types and 4 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent ADV lemmas: δέ, οὐ, γάρ, μέν, καί#1, μή, οὖν, δή, ὡς, οὕτω(ς)

The 10 most frequent ADV types: δὲ, γὰρ, καὶ, μὲν, οὐκ, μὴ, οὐ, ὡς, δὴ, οὖν

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: μή (ADV 1062, SCONJ 39), ὡς (ADV 583, SCONJ 417), ἤ (CCONJ 359, ADV 117), οὐδέ (CCONJ 134, ADV 75), μετά (ADP 548, ADV 61), ὀπίσω (ADV 59, ADP 25), εὐθύς (ADV 54, ADJ 10), ἔξω (ADV 51, ADP 24), ὥστε (SCONJ 87, ADV 43), ἅμα (ADP 48, ADV 40, SCONJ 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: καὶ (CCONJ 9688, ADV 1119, NUM 15, ADJ 1), μὴ (ADV 996, SCONJ 29), ὡς (ADV 568, SCONJ 386), ἂν (ADV 293, SCONJ 1), ὦν (ADV 164, PRON 1), ἢ (CCONJ 348, ADV 104, ADJ 1), εἰ (SCONJ 436, ADV 80), ὅτι (SCONJ 1126, ADV 74), μετὰ (ADP 357, ADV 61), ὀπίσω (ADV 59, ADP 25)

• καὶ
  • CCONJ 9688: καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτίκα παρῆν καὶ ἡ γυνή
  • ADV 1119: καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτίκα παρῆν καὶ ἡ γυνή
  • NUM 15: οὗτοι οἱ πάντες σταθμοί εἰσι ἕνδεκα καὶ ἑκατόν
  • ADJ 1: Αἰγινῆταί τε δὴ ἐδηίουν τῆς Ἀττικῆς τὰ παραθαλάσσια καὶ Ἀθηναίοισι ὁρμημένοισι ἐπ’ Αἰγινήτας στρατεύεσθαι ἦλθε μαντήιον ἐκ Δελφῶν ἐπισχόντας ἀπὸ τοῦ Αἰγινητέων ἀδικίου τριήκοντα ἔτεα τῷ ἑνὶ καὶ τριηκοστῷ Αἰακῷ τέμενος ἀποδέξαντας ἄρχεσθαι τοῦ πρὸς Αἰγινήτας πολέμου καί σφι χωρήσειν τὰ βούλονται
• μὴ
  • ADV 996: μετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε μὴ μιν ἀναγκαίῃ ἐνδέειν διακρῖναι τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν
  • SCONJ 29: ὃ μὲν δὴ λέγων τοιαῦτα ἀπεμάχετο ἀρρωδέων μὴ τί οἱ ἐξ αὐτῶν γένηται κακόν
• ὡς
  • ADV 568: ἀπὸ μέν νυν τούτων οὐκ ὡς ἤθελε ἀπήλλαξε ἀλλὰ προσπταίσας μεγάλως
  • SCONJ 386: ὃ μὲν δὴ ὡς οὐκ ἐδύνατο διαφυγεῖν ἦν ἕτοιμος
• ἂν
  • ADV 293: οὐ γὰρ ἂν κοτὲ κατέδοξα ἔνθεν γε ἦν
  • SCONJ 1: οὐ δύναται ὁ υἱὸς ποιεῖν ἀφ’ ἑαυτοῦ οὐδέν ἂν μή τι βλέπῃ τὸν πατέρα ποιοῦντα
• ὦν
  • ADV 164: ἐπεὶ ὦν ὁ βουκόλος σπουδῇ πολλῇ καλεόμενος ἀπίκετο ἔλεγε ὁ Ἅρπαγος τάδε
  • PRON 1: οὕτω δὲ καὶ στρατὸς πολλὸς ὑπὸ ὀλίγου διαφθείρεται κατὰ τοιόνδε ἐπεάν σφι ὁ θεὸς φθονήσας φόβον ἐμβάλῃ ἢ βροντήν δι’ ὦν ἐφθάρησαν ἀναξίως ἑωυτῶν
• ἢ
  • CCONJ 348: Μὴ νομίσητε ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι τὸν νόμον ἢ τοὺς προφήτας
  • ADV 104: καί κως ταῦτα τοῖσι Καρσὶ ἐξαγγέλθη πρότερον ἢ τὸν Δαυρίσην ἀπικέσθαι
  • ADJ 1: ὡς δὲ παρῆσαν ἅπαντες ἔχοντες τὸ προειρημένον ἐνθαῦτα ὁ Κῦρος ἦν γάρ τις χῶρος τῆς Περσικῆς ἀκανθώδης ὅσον τε ἐπὶ ὀκτωκαίδεκα σταδίους ἢ εἴκοσι πάντῃ τοῦτον σφι τὸν χῶρον προεῖπε ἐξημερῶσαι ἐν ἡμέρῃ
• εἰ
  • SCONJ 436: εἰ ὦν δὴ τοῦδε εἵνεκα ἄξιός τευ κακοῦ εἰμί ὅδε τοὶ πάρειμι
  • ADV 80: εἰς οὐδὲν ἰσχύει ἔτι εἰ μὴ βληθὲν ἔξω καταπατεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων
• ὅτι
  • SCONJ 1126: μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
  • ADV 74: ὅτι ἐὰν ᾖ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἡ βουλὴ αὕτη ἢ τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο καταλυθήσεται
• μετὰ
  • ADP 357: καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα αὐτίκα παρῆν καὶ ἡ γυνή
  • ADV 61: μετὰ δὲ ἱκέτευε μὴ μιν ἀναγκαίῃ ἐνδέειν διακρῖναι τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν
• ὀπίσω
  • ADV 59: ὃ μὲν δὴ ὡς ἀπωστὸς τῆς ἑωυτοῦ γίνεται ἀπικνέεται ὀπίσω ἐς τὴν Χίον
  • ADP 25: καὶ οἱ μὲν Μάχλυες τὰ ὀπίσω κομῶσι τῆς κεφαλῆς οἱ δὲ Αὐσέες τὰ ἔμπροσθε

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of ADV is 1.248889 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.387371).

The 1st highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “οὐ”: οὐ, οὐκ, οὐκὶ, οὐχ, οὒ, οὔ, οὗ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “ποτε”: κοτέ, κοτε, κοτὲ, ποκα, ποτέ, ποτε, ποτὲ.

The 3rd highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “ἄν”: κε, κεν, κ’, ἂν, ἄν, ἐὰν.

ADV occurs with 3 features: grc-feat/Polarity (3386; 16% instances), grc-feat/PronType (1012; 5% instances), grc-feat/Degree (713; 3% instances)

ADV occurs with 6 feature-value pairs: Degree=Cmp, Degree=Pos, Degree=Sup, Polarity=Neg, PronType=Int, PronType=Rel

ADV occurs with 7 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is _ (16195 tokens). Examples: δὲ, γὰρ, καὶ, μὲν, δὴ, οὖν, ὡς, δέ, ἂν, τότε

Relations

ADV nodes are attached to their parents using 18 different relations: grc-dep/discourse (10404; 49% instances), grc-dep/advmod (9907; 46% instances), grc-dep/root (222; 1% instances), grc-dep/advcl (161; 1% instances), grc-dep/conj (119; 1% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (106; 0% instances), grc-dep/amod (98; 0% instances), grc-dep/orphan (93; 0% instances), grc-dep/acl (40; 0% instances), grc-dep/appos (37; 0% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (35; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (35; 0% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (14; 0% instances), grc-dep/vocative (11; 0% instances), grc-dep/nmod (10; 0% instances), grc-dep/parataxis (9; 0% instances), grc-dep/nsubj:pass (4; 0% instances), grc-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)

Parents of ADV nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (16003; 75% instances), ADJ (1684; 8% instances), NOUN (1272; 6% instances), ADV (497; 2% instances), PRON (494; 2% instances), AUX (338; 2% instances), ADP (280; 1% instances), PROPN (247; 1% instances), ROOT (222; 1% instances), NUM (92; 0% instances), SCONJ (89; 0% instances), CCONJ (35; 0% instances), DET (32; 0% instances), INTJ (21; 0% instances)

19711 (93%) ADV nodes are leaves.

1043 (5%) ADV nodes have one child.

356 (2%) ADV nodes have two children.

196 (1%) ADV nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a ADV node is 13.

Children of ADV nodes are attached using 24 different relations: grc-dep/nsubj (473; 19% instances), grc-dep/advmod (297; 12% instances), grc-dep/det (229; 9% instances), grc-dep/advcl (211; 8% instances), grc-dep/obl (157; 6% instances), grc-dep/cc (149; 6% instances), grc-dep/iobj (148; 6% instances), grc-dep/cop (139; 6% instances), grc-dep/discourse (137; 5% instances), grc-dep/conj (131; 5% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (89; 4% instances), grc-dep/case (81; 3% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (71; 3% instances), grc-dep/appos (69; 3% instances), grc-dep/mark (44; 2% instances), grc-dep/nmod (42; 2% instances), grc-dep/orphan (18; 1% instances), grc-dep/vocative (12; 0% instances), grc-dep/acl (11; 0% instances), grc-dep/amod (6; 0% instances), grc-dep/aux (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/nummod (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/parataxis (1; 0% instances)

Children of ADV nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: NOUN (620; 25% instances), ADV (497; 20% instances), VERB (359; 14% instances), DET (216; 9% instances), ADJ (173; 7% instances), CCONJ (152; 6% instances), AUX (146; 6% instances), PRON (116; 5% instances), PROPN (95; 4% instances), ADP (81; 3% instances), SCONJ (44; 2% instances), NUM (12; 0% instances), INTJ (7; 0% instances)

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ADV in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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