NUM: numeral
Definition
A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner, adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.
Note that cardinal numerals are covered by NUM whether they are used as determiners or not (as in Windows 7) and whether they are expressed as words (чотири), digits (4) or Roman numerals (IV).
Ukrainian grammar distinguishes several subclasses of pronominal numerals (quantifiers):
interrogative and relative (скільки “how many”);
demonstrative (стільки “this many”);
indefinite (кілька, багато, мало “several, many, few”).
These words behave similarly to (most) cardinal numbers, e.g. they require that the counted noun phrase be in genitive and have different forms depending on the case (with the exception of мало “little, few”. They are not similar to adjectives (unlike their English counterparts). However, in accord with the UD standard, they should be tagged DET, not NUM.
In addition, several types of (non-pronominal) numerals, such as ordinal numerals and multiplicative numerals, are tagged ADJ or ADV, based on their syntactic and morphological behavior.
Examples
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2014, 1000000, 3.14159265359
- I, II, III, IV, V, MMXIV
- один, два, три, чотири, п’ять, сімдесят “one, two, three, four, five, seventy”
- половина, третина, четвертина (чверть) “one-half, one third, quarter”: denominators of fractions constitute a separate class of cardinal numerals. (They are not considered numerals in the Ukrainian grammar. They are tagged NOUN.)
- четверо, п’ятеро “four, five” (These are special forms, so-called generic numerals.)
- одні, двоє, троє “one set of, two sets of, three sets of”
Counterexamples
- перший, другий, третій “first, second, third”: adjectival ordinal numerals. They are tagged ADJ, and the uk-feat/NumType feature reveals their semantic relation to numbers.
- вперше, вдруге, втретє “for the first time, for the second time, for the third time”: adverbial ordinal numerals. They are tagged ADV, and the uk-feat/NumType feature reveals their semantic relation to numbers.
- двічі, тричі “twice, three times”: multiplicative numerals. They are tagged ADV, and the uk-feat/NumType feature reveals their semantic relation to numbers.
- двійня, дует, трійня, тріо, квартет “pair, triplet, foursome”: n-tuples (n-tice) are not considered numerals in the Ukrainian grammar. They are tagged NOUN.
- одиниця, двійка, трійка, четвірка, п’ятірка “number one, number two, number three, number four, number five”: names of numbers, or of objects identified by the number (e.g. of a bus route). They are not considered numerals and they are tagged NOUN.
- тисяча, мільйон, мільярд, трильйон “thousand, million, billion, trillion”: words for large quantities are ambiguous between cardinal numerals (tagged
NUM) and nouns. If they inflect as nouns, they are tagged NOUN; but the borderline is fuzzy. For instance, in phrases like тисячі людей взяли участь в демонстації (“thousands of people demonstrated in the streets”), тисячі is a noun. In numeric expressions, e.g. 132 тисячі доларів (“132 thousand dollars”), it is a cardinal numeral.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Ukrainian)
There are 53 NUM lemmas (1%), 66 NUM types (1%) and 119 NUM tokens (1%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of NUM is: 6 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 14 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent NUM lemmas: два, один, три, п’ять, двадцять, троє, 2, 3, 4, 5
The 10 most frequent NUM types: три, два, один, двох, дві, п’яти, двадцять, 2, 3, 4
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: один (DET 29, NUM 13, PRON 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: один (NUM 8, DET 2), одним (DET 1, NUM 1), одного (DET 3, NUM 1), одної (DET 1, NUM 1), одну (DET 3, NUM 1)
- один
- одним
- одного
- одної
- DET 1: Тарас , ок , навіть якщо розглядати таз і ноги як систему двох фізичних маятників , точки підвісу яких рухаються відносно одна одної за певною траекторією ( тут постає питання про максимальні кути і процентуальний вплив на швидкість ) , ми не можемо нехтувати іншими біологічними факторами , такими як довжина ніг , вага тіла , відсоток жиру , транспорт кисню , здатність м’язів до скорочення , в кінці кінців — підготовка спортсменів , вид забігу ( ! ) .
- NUM 1: Ми знайшли справжнього дуба — човна , витесаного з одної верби .
- одну
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of NUM is 1.245283 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.380843).
The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “один”: один, одним, одно, одного, одної, одну.
The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “два”: два, двома, двох, дві.
The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “троє”: троє, трьом, трьома, трьох.
NUM occurs with 5 features: uk-feat/NumType (119; 100% instances), uk-feat/Case (87; 73% instances), uk-feat/Number (50; 42% instances), uk-feat/Gender (37; 31% instances), uk-feat/Animacy (6; 5% instances)
NUM occurs with 12 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Inan, Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, NumType=Card, Number=Plur
NUM occurs with 16 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is NumType=Card (32 tokens).
Examples: три, два, один, двох, дві, 2, 3, 4, 5, п’яти
Relations
NUM nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: uk-dep/nummod (62; 52% instances), uk-dep/nummod:gov (35; 29% instances), uk-dep/conj (5; 4% instances), uk-dep/root (5; 4% instances), uk-dep/nmod (3; 3% instances), uk-dep/obl (3; 3% instances), uk-dep/det:nummod (2; 2% instances), uk-dep/flat (2; 2% instances), uk-dep/appos (1; 1% instances), uk-dep/parataxis (1; 1% instances)
Parents of NUM nodes belong to 7 different parts of speech: NOUN (99; 83% instances), NUM (5; 4% instances), ROOT (5; 4% instances), PROPN (4; 3% instances), VERB (4; 3% instances), ADV (1; 1% instances), PRON (1; 1% instances)
89 (75%) NUM nodes are leaves.
20 (17%) NUM nodes have one child.
1 (1%) NUM nodes have two children.
9 (8%) NUM nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a NUM node is 4.
Children of NUM nodes are attached using 13 different relations: uk-dep/punct (23; 45% instances), uk-dep/case (5; 10% instances), uk-dep/advmod (4; 8% instances), uk-dep/conj (3; 6% instances), uk-dep/flat (3; 6% instances), uk-dep/nmod (3; 6% instances), uk-dep/appos (2; 4% instances), uk-dep/obl (2; 4% instances), uk-dep/parataxis (2; 4% instances), uk-dep/amod (1; 2% instances), uk-dep/cc (1; 2% instances), uk-dep/cop (1; 2% instances), uk-dep/discourse (1; 2% instances)
Children of NUM nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: PUNCT (23; 45% instances), NOUN (7; 14% instances), ADP (5; 10% instances), NUM (5; 10% instances), ADV (4; 8% instances), ADJ (2; 4% instances), PROPN (2; 4% instances), AUX (1; 2% instances), CCONJ (1; 2% instances), PART (1; 2% instances)
NUM in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]