NUM
: numeral
Definition
A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner, adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.
Note that cardinal numerals are covered by NUM
whether they are used
as determiners or not (as in Windows 7) and whether they
are expressed as words (четыре), digits (4) or Roman numerals
(IV).
Russian grammar distinguishes several subclasses of pronominal numerals (quantifiers): interrogative and relative (сколько “how many”); demonstrative (столько “this many”); indefinite (несколько “several”). These words behave similarly to (most) cardinal numbers, e.g. they require that the counted noun phrase be in Genitive. They are not similar to adjectives (unlike their English counterparts).
In addition, several types of (non-pronominal) numerals, such as ordinal numerals and multiplicative numerals, are tagged ADJ or ADV, based on their syntactic and morphological behavior.
Examples
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2014, 1000000, 3.14159265359
- I, II, III, IV, V, MMXIV
- один, два, три, четыре, пять, семьдесят “one, two, three, four, five, seventy”
- половина, треть, четверть “one-half, one third, quarter”: denominators of fractions constitute a separate class of cardinal numerals.
- двое, трое, четверо, пятеро “four, five”: collective numerals (see specific-syntax on their morphosyntactic behavior).
- сколько, столько, предостаточно “how many, this many, more than enough”: pronominal quantifiers of imprecise quantity.
Counterexamples
- первый, второй, третий “first, second, third”: adjectival ordinal numerals. They are tagged ADJ, and the ru-feat/NumType feature reveals their semantic relation to numbers.
- впервые “for the first time”: adverbial ordinal numerals. They are tagged ADV, and the ru-feat/NumType feature reveals their semantic relation to numbers.
- однажды, дважды, трижды “once, twice, three times”: multiplicative numerals. They are tagged ADV, and the ru-feat/NumType feature reveals their semantic relation to numbers.
- пара, тройка, четверка “pair, triplet, foursome”: n-tuples (n-tice) are not considered numerals in the Russian grammar. They are tagged NOUN.
- единица, двойка, тройка, четверка, пятерка “number one, number two, number three, number four, number five”: names of numbers, or of objects identified by the number (e.g. of a bus route). They are not considered numerals and they are tagged NOUN.
Border cases
- тысяча, миллион, миллиард, триллион “thousand, million, billion, trillion”: words for large quantities are ambiguous between cardinal numerals (tagged
NUM
) and nouns. If they inflect as nouns, they are tagged NOUN; but the borderline is fuzzy. For instance, in phrases like тысячи людей вышли на улицы (“thousands of people went on the streets”), тысячи is a noun. In numeric expressions, e.g. 110 тысяч долларов (“110 thousand dollars”), it is a cardinal numeral. - много, мало, немного, немало, несколько, достаточно “many, few, not many, a lot, several, enough”: pronominal quantifiers are ambiguous between cardinal numerals (tagged
NUM
when they refer to imprecise quantities) and adverbs (tagged ADV when they refer to degree/intensity). As a rule, the latter have verbs, adjectives, and adverbs as their head (e.g. я был несколько груб “I was a bit rude”). Note that the words более, больше, менее, меньше “more than, less than” are considered comparative forms of the numerals много and мало when they are used in constructions with cardinal numerals, e.g. более пяти студентов “more than five students” (see specific-syntax).
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
There are 640 NUM
lemmas (4%), 681 NUM
types (2%) and 1822 NUM
tokens (2%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of NUM
is: 6 in number of lemmas, 6 in number of types and 9 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent NUM
lemmas: ОДИН, ДВА, НЕСКОЛЬКО, ТРИ, 2, 1, 10, ЧЕТЫРЕ, 4, 3
The 10 most frequent NUM
types: 2, два, один, несколько, 1, 10, двух, 4, три, 5
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: НЕСКОЛЬКО (NUM 62, ADV 5), ТРИ (NUM 52, ADV 1), 2 (NUM 50, ADV 21, ADJ 7), 1 (NUM 39, ADJ 27, ADV 17), 10 (NUM 37, ADJ 12, ADV 8), 4 (NUM 30, ADV 12, ADJ 10), 3 (NUM 27, ADV 11, ADJ 6), 5 (NUM 27, ADJ 6, ADV 4), МНОГО (NUM 24, ADV 9), 20 (NUM 22, ADV 9, ADJ 7)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 2 (NUM 50, ADV 21, ADJ 7), несколько (NUM 39, ADV 5), 1 (NUM 39, ADJ 27, ADV 17), 10 (NUM 37, ADJ 12, ADV 8), 4 (NUM 30, ADV 12, ADJ 10), три (NUM 25, ADV 1), 5 (NUM 27, ADJ 6, ADV 4), 3 (NUM 26, ADV 11, ADJ 6), 20 (NUM 22, ADV 9, ADJ 7), 16 (NUM 20, ADJ 14, ADV 1)
- 2
- несколько
- 1
- 10
- 4
- три
- 5
- NUM 27: Фильмы на канале KkcTebou TV Channel выделяют 5 направлений :
- ADJ 6: 5 января 1942 года управление армии было переименовано в резервное управление в составе Московской зоны обороны .
- ADV 4: Остальные модификации предлагались с 5 - ступенчатыми ручными или 4 - ступенчатыми автоматическими коробками передач .
- 3
- 20
- 16
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of NUM
is 1.064062 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.576680).
The 1st highest number of forms (9) was observed with the lemma “ОДИН”: один, одна, одним, одно, одного, одной, одном, одному, одну.
The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “ДВА”: два, две, двум, двумя, двух.
The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “ОБА”: оба, обе, обеим, обеих, обоих.
NUM
occurs with 6 features: ru-feat/NumType (1822; 100% instances), ru-feat/Case (1821; 100% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (906; 50% instances), ru-feat/Gender (537; 29% instances), ru-feat/Number (283; 16% instances), ru-feat/Degree (1; 0% instances)
NUM
occurs with 15 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim
, Animacy=Inan
, Case=Acc
, Case=Dat
, Case=Gen
, Case=Ins
, Case=Loc
, Case=Nom
, Degree=Cmp
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Neut
, NumType=Card
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
NUM
occurs with 80 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Case=Nom|NumType=Card
(424 tokens).
Examples: 0, 5, 10, 16, 12, 15, 20, 11, 13, 7
Relations
NUM
nodes are attached to their parents using 20 different relations: ru-dep/nummod:gov (763; 42% instances), ru-dep/nummod (576; 32% instances), ru-dep/root (71; 4% instances), ru-dep/conj (63; 3% instances), ru-dep/list (60; 3% instances), ru-dep/appos (56; 3% instances), ru-dep/compound (47; 3% instances), ru-dep/nmod (43; 2% instances), ru-dep/obl (36; 2% instances), ru-dep/amod (21; 1% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (20; 1% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (19; 1% instances), ru-dep/obj (15; 1% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (14; 1% instances), ru-dep/advmod (6; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances)
Parents of NUM
nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: NOUN (1394; 77% instances), VERB (93; 5% instances), NUM (80; 4% instances), SYM (72; 4% instances), ROOT (71; 4% instances), PROPN (57; 3% instances), ADJ (26; 1% instances), ADV (19; 1% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), PUNCT (3; 0% instances), PRON (2; 0% instances)
1405 (77%) NUM
nodes are leaves.
229 (13%) NUM
nodes have one child.
71 (4%) NUM
nodes have two children.
117 (6%) NUM
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a NUM
node is 7.
Children of NUM
nodes are attached using 22 different relations: ru-dep/punct (300; 37% instances), ru-dep/nmod (135; 17% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (71; 9% instances), ru-dep/case (58; 7% instances), ru-dep/advmod (57; 7% instances), ru-dep/conj (53; 7% instances), ru-dep/cc (28; 3% instances), ru-dep/discourse (25; 3% instances), ru-dep/cop (23; 3% instances), ru-dep/appos (11; 1% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (9; 1% instances), ru-dep/list (8; 1% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (8; 1% instances), ru-dep/nummod (7; 1% instances), ru-dep/amod (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/compound (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/det (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (1; 0% instances)
Children of NUM
nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: PUNCT (295; 36% instances), NOUN (189; 23% instances), NUM (80; 10% instances), ADP (62; 8% instances), ADV (57; 7% instances), CCONJ (26; 3% instances), PART (24; 3% instances), AUX (23; 3% instances), PROPN (12; 1% instances), PRON (11; 1% instances), SYM (11; 1% instances), ADJ (9; 1% instances), VERB (7; 1% instances), DET (5; 1% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
There are 1173 NUM
lemmas (3%), 1259 NUM
types (1%) and 14724 NUM
tokens (1%).
Out of 18 observed tags, the rank of NUM
is: 6 in number of lemmas, 6 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent NUM
lemmas: один, два, несколько, три, 10, 20, четыре, 15, много, пять
The 10 most frequent NUM
types: один, несколько, два, три, одной, 10, двух, 20, больше, две
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: один (NUM 1775, ADJ 584, NOUN 2), несколько (NUM 684, ADV 85), много (ADV 418, NUM 214), мало (ADV 201, NUM 158), пол (NUM 76, NOUN 61, PROPN 18), 2005 (NUM 52, NOUN 1), i (NUM 22, PROPN 6, X 3), 2012 (NUM 20, NOUN 1), x (NUM 6, PUNCT 2, PROPN 1), v (NUM 5, PROPN 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: один (NUM 451, ADJ 96), несколько (NUM 481, ADV 79), одной (NUM 292, ADJ 77), 10 (NUM 298, ADJ 1), больше (ADV 321, NUM 209, ADJ 54), одного (NUM 183, ADJ 56), одна (NUM 140, ADJ 58), меньше (NUM 153, ADJ 41, ADV 23), одно (NUM 124, ADJ 51), одним (NUM 120, ADJ 25)
- один
- несколько
- одной
- 10
- больше
- одного
- одна
- меньше
- одно
- одним
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of NUM
is 1.073316 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.644632).
The 1st highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “один”: один, одна, одни, одним, одними, одно, одного, одной, одном, одному, одну.
The 2nd highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “оба”: оба, обе, обеим, обеими, обеих, обоим, обоих.
The 3rd highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “три”: трем, тремя, трех, три, трём, трёх.
NUM
occurs with 3 features: ru-feat/Case (5576; 38% instances), ru-feat/Gender (2671; 18% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (1314; 9% instances)
NUM
occurs with 11 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim
, Animacy=Inan
, Case=Acc
, Case=Dat
, Case=Gen
, Case=Ins
, Case=Loc
, Case=Nom
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Neut
NUM
occurs with 31 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(9148 tokens).
Examples: 10, 20, больше, 1, 15, 2, 5, 30, меньше, 3
Relations
NUM
nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: ru-dep/nummod (10224; 69% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (3347; 23% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (378; 3% instances), ru-dep/conj (298; 2% instances), ru-dep/root (230; 2% instances), ru-dep/advmod (121; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (62; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (24; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (9; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (1; 0% instances)
Parents of NUM
nodes belong to 18 different parts of speech: NOUN (11078; 75% instances), VERB (1445; 10% instances), NUM (1119; 8% instances), PROPN (413; 3% instances), ROOT (230; 2% instances), ADJ (212; 1% instances), PRON (72; 0% instances), ADV (47; 0% instances), _ (36; 0% instances), ADP (24; 0% instances), PUNCT (17; 0% instances), PART (9; 0% instances), CCONJ (6; 0% instances), SCONJ (6; 0% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), X (3; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)
9587 (65%) NUM
nodes are leaves.
2753 (19%) NUM
nodes have one child.
1709 (12%) NUM
nodes have two children.
675 (5%) NUM
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a NUM
node is 13.
Children of NUM
nodes are attached using 30 different relations: ru-dep/punct (2494; 29% instances), ru-dep/nmod (1728; 20% instances), ru-dep/advmod (1147; 13% instances), ru-dep/case (789; 9% instances), ru-dep/nummod (742; 9% instances), ru-dep/amod (312; 4% instances), ru-dep/conj (268; 3% instances), ru-dep/cc (210; 2% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (198; 2% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (171; 2% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (125; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (80; 1% instances), ru-dep/cop (76; 1% instances), ru-dep/_ (52; 1% instances), ru-dep/appos (43; 1% instances), ru-dep/mark (29; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (24; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (19; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (13; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:foreign (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/fixed (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/root (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/compound (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/discourse (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (1; 0% instances)
Children of NUM
nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: PUNCT (2494; 29% instances), NOUN (1960; 23% instances), NUM (1012; 12% instances), ADP (788; 9% instances), ADV (646; 8% instances), PART (469; 5% instances), ADJ (300; 4% instances), VERB (223; 3% instances), CCONJ (193; 2% instances), PRON (152; 2% instances), DET (99; 1% instances), PROPN (84; 1% instances), SCONJ (69; 1% instances), _ (52; 1% instances), AUX (8; 0% instances), SYM (2; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
NUM in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]