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SCONJ: subordinating conjunction

Definition

A subordinating conjunction is an invariable word introducing a subordinate clause, i.e., a clause which is dependent on a superordinate clause. A list of subordinate conjunctions can be found in Smyth 1920: 631 (and references therein).

Examples

• ὅτι “that”
• εἰ “if”
• ὅτε “when”

References

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York: American Book Company (Perseus Digital Library; Internet Archive).

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 52 SCONJ lemmas (0%), 89 SCONJ types (0%) and 1979 SCONJ tokens (1%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of SCONJ is: 6 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent SCONJ lemmas: εἰ, ὡς, ὅτι, ὄφρα, ὅτε, ὅπως, ὥστε, ἵνα, ἐάν, πρίν

The 10 most frequent SCONJ types: ὡς, εἰ, εἴ, ὅτι, ὥστε, ὅτε, ἵνα, ὅπως, ὄφρα, ὥς

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: εἰ (SCONJ 541, INTJ 13), ὡς (ADV 844, SCONJ 428, INTJ 6, ADP 2), ὅτι (SCONJ 145, ADV 4), ὄφρα (SCONJ 107, ADV 7), ὅτε (SCONJ 96, ADV 77), ὅπως (SCONJ 94, ADV 10), ὥστε (SCONJ 94, ADV 18), ἵνα (SCONJ 92, ADV 9), πρίν (ADV 59, SCONJ 59), οὕνεκα (SCONJ 27, ADV 2)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ὡς (SCONJ 373, ADV 266, INTJ 6, ADP 2), εἰ (SCONJ 350, INTJ 11), ὅτι (SCONJ 115, ADV 4, PRON 2), ὥστε (SCONJ 78, ADV 12), ὅτε (SCONJ 76, ADV 57), ἵνα (SCONJ 72, ADV 5), ὅπως (SCONJ 71, ADV 7), ὄφρα (SCONJ 64, ADV 4), ὥς (SCONJ 55, ADV 43), πρὶν (ADV 46, SCONJ 42)

• ὡς
  • SCONJ 373: ὡς δὲ ἠδίκουν σαφές ἐστιν ·
  • ADV 266: αἰεὶ δὲ ὡς πρὸς εὖ βουλευομένους τοὺς ἐναντίους ἔργῳ παρασκευαζόμεθα ·
  • INTJ 6: ὦ Πέλοπος ἁ πρόσθεν πολύπονος ἱππεία , ὡς ἔμολες αἰανὴς τᾷδε γᾷ .
  • ADP 2: δεῦῤ ἴτ̓ , ἔλθετε ὡς τὰς ἀδελφὰς τάσδε τὰς ἐμὰς χέρας , αἳ τοῦ φυτουργοῦ πατρὸς ὑμὶν ὧδ̓ ὁρᾶν τὰ πρόσθε λαμπρὰ προυξένησαν ὄμματα ·
• εἰ
  • SCONJ 350: εἰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλοσέ ποι βούλεσθε πλεῖν , οὐ κωλύομεν ·
  • INTJ 11: εἰ δ̓ ἄγε μὴν πείρησαι ἵνα γνώωσι καὶ οἵδε ·
• ὅτι
  • SCONJ 115: καὶ δήλη ἡ οἰκοδομία ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐστὶν ὅτι κατὰ σπουδὴν ἐγένετο ·
  • ADV 4: ὅτι τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς πολιτείας εἰς τὸν Πύθιον ἀνῆψε .
  • PRON 2: χρῆν γὰρ οὐκ εἰ ἀδικούμεθα ἔτι σκοπεῖν , ἀλλὰ καθ̓ ὅτι ἀμυνούμεθα ·
• ὥστε
  • SCONJ 78: χρήματα δὲ ὥστε ἔχειν ἐς αὐτά , οἴσομεν ·
  • ADV 12: ὥστε φαμὲν οὐχ ἧσσον αὐτοὶ ὠφελῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἢ τυχεῖν τούτου .
• ὅτε
  • SCONJ 76: τοιαῦτα πολλὰ δεξιῶς ἔλεγέν τε καὶ ἔπρησσεν ὅτε πίνοι ἢ πράσσοι .
  • ADV 57: ὅτε καὶ πλέων ναυαγίῳ ἐχρήσατο ·
• ἵνα
  • SCONJ 72: βούλομαι γὰρ Ἀθηναίους τοῦτο λαλεῖν , ἵνα μή τι χεῖρον περὶ ἐμοῦ λέγωσι .
  • ADV 5: ἐξήκεις δ̓ ἵνα φανεῖς ὁποῖος ὢν ἀνὴρ ἐμὸς καλεῖ .
• ὅπως
  • SCONJ 71: οὗτος γὰρ ἄρχει καὶ θεῶν ὅπως θέλει , κἀμοῦ γε ·
  • ADV 7: ἔπειτ̓ οὐκ οἶδ̓ ὅπως κατεδέξαντο .
• ὄφρα
  • SCONJ 64: ἀλλ̓ ἐν γὰρ δεινοῖς οὐ σχήσω ταύτας ἄτας , ὄφρα με βίος ἔχῃ .
  • ADV 4: ὄφρα δέ μοι ζώει καὶ ὁρᾷ φάος ἠελίοιο ἄχνυται , οὐ δέ τί οἱ δύναμαι χραισμῆσαι ἰοῦσα .
• ὥς
  • SCONJ 55: παύονται οἱ ἔρωτες , ὥς φησι Κλέαρχος .
  • ADV 43: ὦ φίλταθ̓ Αἷμον , ὥς σ̓ ἀτιμάζει πατήρ .
• πρὶν
  • ADV 46: ὃν ἐξεπέμψω πρὶν δή ποτε θουρίῳ κρατοῦντ̓ ἐν Ἄρει ·
  • SCONJ 42: εἰδότι δ̓ οὐδὲν ἕρπει , πρὶν πυρὶ θερμῷ πόδα τις προσαύσῃ .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of SCONJ is 1.711538 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.038201).

The 1st highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “εἰ”: αἰ, αἴ, εἰ, εἲ, εἴ, κεἰ, κεἴ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “ἐάν”: ἂν, ἄνπερ, ἐάν, ἐὰν, ἢν, ἤν.

The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “ὅπως”: χὤπως, ὅκως, ὅππως, ὅπως, ὅπωσπερ.

SCONJ does not occur with any features.

Relations

SCONJ nodes are attached to their parents using 5 different relations: grc-dep/mark (1875; 95% instances), grc-dep/advmod (73; 4% instances), grc-dep/cc (16; 1% instances), grc-dep/case (14; 1% instances), grc-dep/nmod (1; 0% instances)

Parents of SCONJ nodes belong to 8 different parts of speech: VERB (1842; 93% instances), ADJ (78; 4% instances), NOUN (40; 2% instances), PRON (9; 0% instances), ADV (5; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances)

778 (39%) SCONJ nodes are leaves.

986 (50%) SCONJ nodes have one child.

202 (10%) SCONJ nodes have two children.

13 (1%) SCONJ nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a SCONJ node is 3.

Children of SCONJ nodes are attached using 3 different relations: grc-dep/punct (1346; 94% instances), grc-dep/advmod (82; 6% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of SCONJ nodes belong to 7 different parts of speech: PUNCT (1346; 94% instances), PART (52; 4% instances), ADV (26; 2% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), ADJ (1; 0% instances), ADP (1; 0% instances), VERB (1; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 36 SCONJ lemmas (0%), 61 SCONJ types (0%) and 3825 SCONJ tokens (2%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of SCONJ is: 8 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent SCONJ lemmas: ὅτι, ἵνα, εἰ, ὡς, ἐάν, ἐπεί, ὅτε, ὅπως, ὥστε, ἕως

The 10 most frequent SCONJ types: ὅτι, ἵνα, εἰ, ὡς, ἐὰν, ὅτε, ἐπείτε, εἴ, ὥστε, ἕως

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ὅτι (SCONJ 1126, ADV 3), ἵνα (SCONJ 636, ADV 9), εἰ (SCONJ 541, ADV 9), ὡς (ADV 583, SCONJ 417), ἐπεί (SCONJ 152, ADV 11), ὅτε (SCONJ 102, ADV 9), ὅπως (SCONJ 89, ADV 10), ὥστε (SCONJ 87, ADV 43), ἕως (ADP 81, SCONJ 61), πρίν (SCONJ 43, ADV 4)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: ὅτι (SCONJ 1126, ADV 74), ἵνα (SCONJ 635, ADV 9), εἰ (SCONJ 436, ADV 80), ὡς (ADV 568, SCONJ 386), ἐὰν (SCONJ 187, ADV 52), ὅτε (SCONJ 96, ADV 9), εἴ (SCONJ 91, ADV 2), ὥστε (SCONJ 86, ADV 42), ἕως (ADP 81, SCONJ 61), ἐπεὶ (SCONJ 53, ADV 9)

• ὅτι
  • SCONJ 1126: μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
  • ADV 74: ὅτι ἐὰν ᾖ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἡ βουλὴ αὕτη ἢ τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο καταλυθήσεται
• ἵνα
  • SCONJ 635: καὶ παρεκάλει αὐτὸν πολλὰ ἵνα μὴ αὐτὰ ἀποστείλῃ ἔξω τῆς χώρας
  • ADV 9: αὐτὸς δὲ πυθόμενος ἵνα ἦσαν οἱ Δήλιοι πέμπων κήρυκα ἠγόρευέ σφι τάδε
• εἰ
  • SCONJ 436: εἰ ὦν δὴ τοῦδε εἵνεκα ἄξιός τευ κακοῦ εἰμί ὅδε τοὶ πάρειμι
  • ADV 80: εἰς οὐδὲν ἰσχύει ἔτι εἰ μὴ βληθὲν ἔξω καταπατεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων
• ὡς
  • ADV 568: ἀπὸ μέν νυν τούτων οὐκ ὡς ἤθελε ἀπήλλαξε ἀλλὰ προσπταίσας μεγάλως
  • SCONJ 386: ὃ μὲν δὴ ὡς οὐκ ἐδύνατο διαφυγεῖν ἦν ἕτοιμος
• ἐὰν
  • SCONJ 187: ἐὰν δὲ τὸ ἅλας μωρανθῇ ἐν τίνι ἁλισθήσεται
  • ADV 52: διδάσκαλε ἀκολουθήσω σοι ὅπου ἐὰν ἀπέρχῃ
• ὅτε
  • SCONJ 96: καὶ ὅτε ἦν δεκαέτης ὁ παῖς πρῆγμα ἐς αὑτὸν τοιόνδε γενόμενον ἐξέφηνέ μιν
  • ADV 9: λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐ μὴ ἴδητέ με ἕως ἥξει ὅτε εἴπητε
• εἴ
  • SCONJ 91: νῦν ὦν ἐπειρέσθαι με ἵμερος ἐπῆλθέ σε εἴ τινα ἤδη πάντων εἶδες ὀλβιώτατον
  • ADV 2: πᾶς λόγος σαπρὸς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν μὴ ἐκπορευέσθω ἀλλὰ εἴ τις ἀγαθὸς πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν τῆς χρείας ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν
• ὥστε
  • SCONJ 86: καὶ ἦλθαν καὶ ἔπλησαν ἀμφότερα τὰ πλοῖα ὥστε βυθίζεσθαι αὐτά
  • ADV 42: ὥστε ἐπείτε καὶ ἐσχίσθη τάχιστα ὁ ποταμός ἀμφοτέρῃ διαβατὸς ἐγένετο
• ἕως
  • ADP 81: ὁ πατήρ μου ἕως ἄρτι ἐργάζεται καὶ ἐγώ ἐργάζομαι
  • SCONJ 61: οὐ μὴ ἐξέλθῃς ἐκεῖθεν ἕως ἂν ἀποδῷς τὸν ἔσχατον κοδράντην
• ἐπεὶ
  • SCONJ 53: ἐπεὶ ὦν ὁ βουκόλος σπουδῇ πολλῇ καλεόμενος ἀπίκετο ἔλεγε ὁ Ἅρπαγος τάδε
  • ADV 9: ἐπεὶ φέρε

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of SCONJ is 1.694444 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.387371).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “ἐάν”: ἂν, ἄν, ἐάν, ἐὰν, ἢν, ἤν.

The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “εἰ”: αἰ, εἰ, εἲ, εἴ.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “ἐπεί”: ἐπεί, ἐπείτε, ἐπεὶ, ἐπεῖ.

SCONJ does not occur with any features.

Relations

SCONJ nodes are attached to their parents using 6 different relations: grc-dep/mark (3718; 97% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (77; 2% instances), grc-dep/advmod (11; 0% instances), grc-dep/csubj:pass (9; 0% instances), grc-dep/appos (6; 0% instances), grc-dep/conj (4; 0% instances)

Parents of SCONJ nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: VERB (3271; 86% instances), NOUN (194; 5% instances), ADJ (188; 5% instances), AUX (48; 1% instances), ADV (44; 1% instances), PRON (39; 1% instances), PROPN (27; 1% instances), NUM (9; 0% instances), SCONJ (4; 0% instances), INTJ (1; 0% instances)

3602 (94%) SCONJ nodes are leaves.

149 (4%) SCONJ nodes have one child.

39 (1%) SCONJ nodes have two children.

35 (1%) SCONJ nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a SCONJ node is 6.

Children of SCONJ nodes are attached using 12 different relations: grc-dep/fixed (75; 22% instances), grc-dep/cc (74; 22% instances), grc-dep/conj (66; 19% instances), grc-dep/advmod (58; 17% instances), grc-dep/discourse (32; 9% instances), grc-dep/obl (15; 4% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (9; 3% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (8; 2% instances), grc-dep/advcl (4; 1% instances), grc-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/det (1; 0% instances), grc-dep/iobj (1; 0% instances)

Children of SCONJ nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: ADV (89; 26% instances), PRON (88; 26% instances), CCONJ (74; 22% instances), VERB (55; 16% instances), NOUN (19; 6% instances), ADJ (12; 3% instances), SCONJ (4; 1% instances), DET (1; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances), PROPN (1; 0% instances)

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SCONJ in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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