ADJ
: adjective
Definition
Adjectives are words that typically modify nouns and specify their properties or attributes. They may also function as predicates, as in
Машина зеленая “The car is green.”
The ADJ
tag is intended for ordinary adjectives only. See DET
for determiners and NUM for cardinal numerals.
In accord with the UD approach, adjectival ordinal numerals (первый, седьмой, стопятидесятый) are tagged as adjectives, although the traditional grammar classifies them as numerals. They behave like adjectives both morphologically and syntactically, with the exception that they cannot be compared and negated.
Most Russian adjectives inflect for ru-feat/Gender (большой – большое – большая) “big”, ru-feat/Number (большой – большие), ru-feat/Case (большой – большого – большому – большим – большом), ru-feat/Degree (большой – больше – наибольший) and Negation (большой – небольшой).
Examples
- большой “big”
- старый “old”
- зеленый “green”
- студенческий, учительский “student’s, teacher’s” (possessive adjectives)
- первый, второй, третий “first, second, third”
- сделанный “done” (passive participial adjective)
- делающий “doing” (present participial adjective, derived from present transgressive)
- сделавший “having done” (past participial adjective, derived from past transgressive)
Border cases
Passive participles lie on the border between verbs and adjectives.
Core participial forms (ending in consonant or short vowel) are tagged VERB
.
Long forms are participial adjectives and they are tagged ADJ
.
For example:
- Verb: писан, писано, писана, писаны “written”
- Adjective: писанный, писанное, писанная, писанные “written”
Only true participles (verbs) can be used to form the passive voice (but it may be sometimes difficult to distinguish from copula constructions, see AUX). On the other hand, the participial adjectives inflect for case and thus can modify nouns.
There is an analogy with some adjectives that preserved so called nominal (short) forms. And these adjectives are not derived from verbs. Example:
- Short (nominal) forms: стар, старо, стара “old”
- Normal (pronominal) forms: старый, старое, старая “old”
Here both groups are ADJ
. The nominal forms are used in predication,
the standard forms both in predication and to modify nouns.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
There are 3485 ADJ
lemmas (20%), 6075 ADJ
types (22%) and 10877 ADJ
tokens (12%).
Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of ADJ
is: 3 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 3 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent ADJ
lemmas: Й, ПЕРВЫЙ, НОВЫЙ, ДРУГОЙ, БОЛЬШОЙ, ВТОРОЙ, САМЫЙ, ИЗВЕСТНЫЙ, ВОЕННЫЙ, ГЛАВНЫЙ
The 10 most frequent ADJ
types: й, второй, 2010, 2008, х, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, других
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ДРУГОЙ (ADJ 87, NOUN 9), ВОЕННЫЙ (ADJ 50, NOUN 2), РУССКИЙ (ADJ 50, NOUN 9), ПОСЛЕДНИЙ (ADJ 41, NOUN 6), ЛУЧШИЙ (ADJ 38, NOUN 1), 2010 (ADJ 36, NUM 1, ADV 1), 2008 (ADJ 35, NUM 1, ADV 1), 2011 (ADJ 30, NUM 1), НЕМЕЦКИЙ (ADJ 30, NOUN 1), II (ADJ 29, NUM 3)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: 2010 (ADJ 36, ADV 1, NUM 1), 2008 (ADJ 35, ADV 1, NUM 1), х (ADJ 33, NUM 5, NOUN 1), 2011 (ADJ 30, NUM 1), II (ADJ 29, NUM 3), 2012 (ADJ 28, NUM 1), 1 (NUM 39, ADJ 27, ADV 17), 12 (ADJ 27, NUM 16, ADV 6), 2007 (ADJ 27, NUM 1), многие (ADJ 14, NOUN 1)
- 2010
- ADJ 36: Виктора Позднова не стало в 11 октября 2010 года .
- ADV 1: В 2010 - м Нюкьер наконец дебютировал в чемпионате мира на полном расписании , подписав контракт с командой SUNRED Engineering .
- NUM 1: В ЮАР , на Чемпионате мира по футболу 2010 , в 41852 финала арбитр встречи не засчитал чистый гол Фрэнка в ворота сборной Германии , посчитав , что мяч , отлетевший от перекладины в ворота , не пересек её линию .
- 2008
- ADJ 35: Лауреат премии Фонда Гарри Оппенгеймера ( 2008 ) .
- ADV 1: В 2008 - м , в финале чемпионата Европы снова сыграла с Эванс , и снова матч закончился не в её пользу – 3:5 .
- NUM 1: Городская команда по футзалу ( мини - футбол ) является трёхкратным чемпионом Венгрии ( 1998 , 2000 , 2005 ) , пятикратным обладателем Кубка Венгрии ( 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 ) и обладателем Суперкубка Венгрии 2005 .
- х
- 2011
- II
- 2012
- 1
- 12
- 2007
- многие
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of ADJ
is 1.743185 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.576680).
The 1st highest number of forms (14) was observed with the lemma “ИЗВЕСТНЫЙ”: известен, известная, известно, известного, известное, известной, известному, известную, известны, известные, известный, известным, известными, известных.
The 2nd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “БОЛЬШОЙ”: Большом, большая, большие, большим, большими, больших, большого, большое, большой, большому, большую, велика, велико.
The 3rd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “ВОСТОЧНЫЙ”: Восточная, восточного, восточное, восточной, восточном, восточному, восточные, восточный, восточным, восточными, восточных.
ADJ
occurs with 6 features: ru-feat/Animacy (10848; 100% instances), ru-feat/Case (10848; 100% instances), ru-feat/Number (10848; 100% instances), ru-feat/Gender (8422; 77% instances), ru-feat/Variant (212; 2% instances), ru-feat/Degree (123; 1% instances)
ADJ
occurs with 16 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim
, Animacy=Inan
, Case=Acc
, Case=Dat
, Case=Gen
, Case=Ins
, Case=Loc
, Case=Nom
, Degree=Cmp
, Degree=Sup
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Neut
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Variant=Short
ADJ
occurs with 77 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing
(1336 tokens).
Examples: 2010, го, 2011, 2012, 2009, 2001, 2006, первого, 1941, государственного
Relations
ADJ
nodes are attached to their parents using 25 different relations: ru-dep/amod (9047; 83% instances), ru-dep/conj (437; 4% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (388; 4% instances), ru-dep/root (206; 2% instances), ru-dep/list (195; 2% instances), ru-dep/nmod (186; 2% instances), ru-dep/appos (114; 1% instances), ru-dep/obl (69; 1% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (35; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (34; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (30; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (30; 0% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (19; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (17; 0% instances), ru-dep/advcl (15; 0% instances), ru-dep/advmod (12; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (12; 0% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (7; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (6; 0% instances), ru-dep/fixed (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/compound (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/case (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat (1; 0% instances)
Parents of ADJ
nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: NOUN (9116; 84% instances), ADJ (428; 4% instances), ADV (427; 4% instances), PROPN (377; 3% instances), VERB (241; 2% instances), ROOT (206; 2% instances), ADP (40; 0% instances), PRON (15; 0% instances), PUNCT (10; 0% instances), NUM (9; 0% instances), DET (8; 0% instances)
9233 (85%) ADJ
nodes are leaves.
910 (8%) ADJ
nodes have one child.
280 (3%) ADJ
nodes have two children.
454 (4%) ADJ
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a ADJ
node is 11.
Children of ADJ
nodes are attached using 31 different relations: ru-dep/punct (1026; 30% instances), ru-dep/conj (414; 12% instances), ru-dep/nmod (347; 10% instances), ru-dep/cc (315; 9% instances), ru-dep/advmod (280; 8% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (277; 8% instances), ru-dep/cop (134; 4% instances), ru-dep/case (116; 3% instances), ru-dep/amod (67; 2% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (61; 2% instances), ru-dep/iobj (44; 1% instances), ru-dep/mark (41; 1% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (38; 1% instances), ru-dep/discourse (37; 1% instances), ru-dep/advcl (32; 1% instances), ru-dep/appos (29; 1% instances), ru-dep/cc:preconj (16; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (15; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (14; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (11; 0% instances), ru-dep/ccomp (10; 0% instances), ru-dep/det (10; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (10; 0% instances), ru-dep/list (9; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (9; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (8; 0% instances), ru-dep/goeswith (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/compound (1; 0% instances)
Children of ADJ
nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: PUNCT (1031; 30% instances), NOUN (584; 17% instances), ADJ (428; 13% instances), CCONJ (327; 10% instances), ADV (274; 8% instances), VERB (176; 5% instances), AUX (156; 5% instances), ADP (133; 4% instances), PRON (82; 2% instances), PART (67; 2% instances), PROPN (56; 2% instances), SCONJ (42; 1% instances), NUM (26; 1% instances), DET (14; 0% instances), SYM (5; 0% instances)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
There are 8349 ADJ
lemmas (20%), 26190 ADJ
types (24%) and 100480 ADJ
tokens (10%).
Out of 18 observed tags, the rank of ADJ
is: 2 in number of lemmas, 3 in number of types and 4 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent ADJ
lemmas: другой, новый, самый, первый, сам, российский, должен, большой, нужный, последний
The 10 most frequent ADJ
types: других, нужно, другой, многие, другие, сам, должен, должны, самом, первый
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: первый (ADJ 1317, NOUN 1), один (NUM 1775, ADJ 584, NOUN 2), военный (ADJ 313, NOUN 50), простой (ADJ 305, NOUN 1), русский (ADJ 280, NOUN 39, PROPN 1), великий (ADJ 196, PROPN 1), рабочий (ADJ 182, NOUN 79), малый (ADJ 171, NOUN 2), легкий (ADJ 170, NOUN 2), плохой (ADJ 147, ADV 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: первый (ADJ 201, NOUN 1), необходимо (ADJ 163, ADV 2), невозможно (ADJ 167, ADV 4), должно (ADJ 162, ADV 4), важно (ADJ 122, ADV 6), трудно (ADJ 117, ADV 13), лучше (ADJ 122, ADV 109), сама (ADJ 113, NOUN 1), равно (ADJ 120, ADV 15), понятно (ADJ 68, ADV 12)
- первый
- необходимо
- невозможно
- должно
- важно
- трудно
- лучше
- сама
- равно
- понятно
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of ADJ
is 3.136903 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.644632).
The 1st highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “важный”: важен, важна, важная, важнее, важней, важнейшая, важнейшего, важнейшее, важнейшей, важнейшем, важнейшие, важнейший, важнейшим, важнейшими, важнейших, важнейшую, важно, важного, важное, важной, важном, важному, важную, важны, важные, важный, важным, важными, важных, наиважнейших, поважнее.
The 2nd highest number of forms (29) was observed with the lemma “серьезный”: посерьезнее, посерьезней, серьезен, серьезна, серьезная, серьезнее, серьезней, серьезнейший, серьезнейших, серьезно, серьезного, серьезное, серьезной, серьезном, серьезному, серьезную, серьезны, серьезные, серьезный, серьезным, серьезными, серьезных, серьёзное, серьёзному, серьёзную, серьёзные, серьёзным, серьёзными, серьёзных.
The 3rd highest number of forms (28) was observed with the lemma “близкий”: Поближе, ближайшее, ближайшей, ближайшем, ближайшему, ближайшие, ближайший, ближайшим, ближайшими, ближайших, ближайшую, ближе, близка, близкая, близки, близкие, близкий, близким, близкими, близких, близко, близкого, близкое, близкой, близком, близкому, близкую, близок.
ADJ
occurs with 7 features: ru-feat/Degree (100365; 100% instances), ru-feat/Number (98883; 98% instances), ru-feat/Case (90650; 90% instances), ru-feat/Gender (66634; 66% instances), ru-feat/Animacy (9310; 9% instances), ru-feat/Variant (8235; 8% instances), ru-feat/Foreign (3; 0% instances)
ADJ
occurs with 18 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim
, Animacy=Inan
, Case=Acc
, Case=Dat
, Case=Gen
, Case=Ins
, Case=Loc
, Case=Nom
, Degree=Cmp
, Degree=Pos
, Degree=Sup
, Foreign=Yes
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Neut
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
, Variant=Short
ADJ
occurs with 64 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur
(11120 tokens).
Examples: других, новых, самых, российских, многих, разных, различных, научных, политических, последних
Relations
ADJ
nodes are attached to their parents using 24 different relations: ru-dep/amod (79642; 79% instances), ru-dep/root (5628; 6% instances), ru-dep/conj (5473; 5% instances), ru-dep/obl (1790; 2% instances), ru-dep/advcl (1214; 1% instances), ru-dep/nmod (1195; 1% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (1113; 1% instances), ru-dep/acl (954; 1% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (943; 1% instances), ru-dep/compound (560; 1% instances), ru-dep/fixed (534; 1% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (457; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (309; 0% instances), ru-dep/orphan (240; 0% instances), ru-dep/advmod (200; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (116; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (53; 0% instances), ru-dep/cc (23; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (17; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (13; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/dep (1; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (1; 0% instances)
Parents of ADJ
nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: NOUN (77197; 77% instances), ADJ (6669; 7% instances), VERB (6362; 6% instances), ROOT (5628; 6% instances), PROPN (2024; 2% instances), PRON (1048; 1% instances), DET (411; 0% instances), ADP (361; 0% instances), ADV (340; 0% instances), NUM (298; 0% instances), PUNCT (41; 0% instances), _ (38; 0% instances), PART (21; 0% instances), X (19; 0% instances), CCONJ (16; 0% instances), SCONJ (5; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances)
70080 (70%) ADJ
nodes are leaves.
14820 (15%) ADJ
nodes have one child.
6615 (7%) ADJ
nodes have two children.
8965 (9%) ADJ
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a ADJ
node is 13.
Children of ADJ
nodes are attached using 37 different relations: ru-dep/punct (15279; 24% instances), ru-dep/advmod (9434; 15% instances), ru-dep/nsubj (8143; 13% instances), ru-dep/nmod (5884; 9% instances), ru-dep/conj (5674; 9% instances), ru-dep/cc (4985; 8% instances), ru-dep/parataxis (2139; 3% instances), ru-dep/cop (2045; 3% instances), ru-dep/case (1672; 3% instances), ru-dep/dep (1540; 2% instances), ru-dep/amod (1475; 2% instances), ru-dep/advcl (1234; 2% instances), ru-dep/mark (1125; 2% instances), ru-dep/compound (551; 1% instances), ru-dep/fixed (356; 1% instances), ru-dep/orphan (212; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux (147; 0% instances), ru-dep/_ (146; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl:relcl (104; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod (103; 0% instances), ru-dep/iobj (82; 0% instances), ru-dep/appos (72; 0% instances), ru-dep/nummod:gov (62; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl (58; 0% instances), ru-dep/discourse (42; 0% instances), ru-dep/obj (41; 0% instances), ru-dep/acl (38; 0% instances), ru-dep/root (32; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:foreign (18; 0% instances), ru-dep/obl:agent (9; 0% instances), ru-dep/nsubj:pass (5; 0% instances), ru-dep/xcomp (4; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/vocative (3; 0% instances), ru-dep/expl (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/flat:name (2; 0% instances), ru-dep/aux:pass (1; 0% instances)
Children of ADJ
nodes belong to 17 different parts of speech: PUNCT (15279; 24% instances), NOUN (10301; 16% instances), ADV (7171; 11% instances), VERB (6354; 10% instances), ADJ (6307; 10% instances), CCONJ (4418; 7% instances), PRON (3241; 5% instances), PART (2871; 5% instances), AUX (1988; 3% instances), ADP (1751; 3% instances), SCONJ (1578; 3% instances), PROPN (607; 1% instances), DET (480; 1% instances), NUM (211; 0% instances), _ (146; 0% instances), X (16; 0% instances), INTJ (3; 0% instances)
ADJ in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]