dislocated: dislocated elements
The dislocated relation is used for elements that have been displaced from its regular syntactic position, often to the very front or back of the clause it resides within or of the whole sentence. This applies often to an argument of a clause that has been moved to the periphery for topic, focus, or similar types of effects. However, this relation is also used generally for topic elements that otherwise do not fulfill any core grammatical relation of a sentence, except for temporal nouns (see obl:tmod) or locational nouns (see obl) functioning as adjuncts.
# visual-style 6 4 dislocated color:blue
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
1 我 _ PRON _ _ 4 nmod _ 1SG
2 的 _ PART _ _ 1 case _ GEN
3 辭職 _ NOUN _ _ 4 compound _ resignation
4 信 _ NOUN _ _ 6 dislocated _ letter
5 會 _ AUX _ _ 6 aux _ will
6 放 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ put
7 在 _ ADP _ _ 9 case _ on
8 你 _ PRON _ _ 9 nmod _ 2SG
9 桌子 _ NOUN _ _ 6 obl _ table
10 上 _ ADP _ _ 9 case:loc _ above
1 "My _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 resignation _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 letter, _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 I _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 will _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
6 put _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
7 it _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
8 on _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
9 your _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
10 desk." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
This relation is also used for topicalized and dislocated subjects (followed by a pronoun functioning as the syntactic subject of the sentence and referring back to topicalized subject).
# visual-style 9 2 dislocated color:blue
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
1 龍 _ PROPN _ _ 2 compound _ Long
2 先生 _ NOUN _ _ 9 dislocated _ Mr.
3 我 _ PRON _ _ 5 nmod _ 1SG
4 的 _ PART _ _ 3 case _ GEN
5 老闆 _ NOUN _ _ 2 appos _ boss
6 他 _ PRON _ _ 9 nsubj _ 3SG.M
7 是 _ VERB _ _ 9 cop _ be
8 個 _ NOUN _ _ 9 det _ CL:generic
9 搗蛋鬼 _ NOUN _ _ 0 root _ troublemaker
1 "Peter, _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 my _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 boss _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 -- _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 he _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
6 is _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
7 a _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
8 troublemaker." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
Below is an example of a topic phrase that is not an argument of the main verb, but still labeled dislocated.
# visual-style 5 3 dislocated color:blue
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
1 今天 _ NOUN _ _ 3 nmod _ today
2 的 _ PART _ _ 1 case _ GEN
3 午餐 _ NOUN _ _ 5 dislocated _ lunch
4 我 _ PRON _ _ 5 nsubj _ 1SG
5 請客 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ invite
1 "As _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 for _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 lunch _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 today, _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 I'm _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
6 paying" _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
However, this relation does not apply to arguments that appear in non-canonical positions due to valence-changing function words such as 把 bǎ or 给 gěi, which are treated as prepositions instead (see obl:patient).
Right dislocation is also possible but occurs more frequently in spoken data:
# visual-style 1 6 dislocated color:blue
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
1 來 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ come
2 了 _ PART _ _ 1 discourse:sp _ SP
3 嗎 _ PART _ _ 1 discourse:sp _ SP:Q
4 ， _ PUNCT _ _ 6 punct _ _
5 你 _ PRON _ _ 6 nmod _ 2SG
6 哥哥 _ NOUN _ _ 1 dislocated _ elder-brother
7 ？ _ PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
1 "Has _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 he _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 arrived, _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 your _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
5 brother?" _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
# visual-style 2 5 dislocated color:blue
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
1 我們 _ PRON _ _ 2 nsubj _ 1PL
2 去 _ VERB _ _ 0 root _ go
3 吧 _ PART _ _ 2 discourse:sp _ SP
4 ， _ PUNCT _ _ 5 punct _ _
5 現在 _ NOUN _ _ 2 dislocated _ now
1 "Let's _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
2 go _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
3 -- _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
4 now." _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Chinese)
This relation is universal.
52 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as dislocated.
50 instances of dislocated (96%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 4.63461538461539.
The following 15 pairs of parts of speech are connected with dislocated: zh-pos/NOUN-zh-pos/VERB (19; 37% instances), zh-pos/PROPN-zh-pos/VERB (7; 13% instances), zh-pos/NOUN-zh-pos/ADJ (6; 12% instances), zh-pos/PART-zh-pos/NOUN (3; 6% instances), zh-pos/PART-zh-pos/VERB (3; 6% instances), zh-pos/NOUN-zh-pos/NOUN (2; 4% instances), zh-pos/PART-zh-pos/ADJ (2; 4% instances), zh-pos/VERB-zh-pos/VERB (2; 4% instances), zh-pos/X-zh-pos/VERB (2; 4% instances), zh-pos/PART-zh-pos/PROPN (1; 2% instances), zh-pos/PRON-zh-pos/ADJ (1; 2% instances), zh-pos/PRON-zh-pos/VERB (1; 2% instances), zh-pos/PROPN-zh-pos/ADJ (1; 2% instances), zh-pos/VERB-zh-pos/NOUN (1; 2% instances), zh-pos/VERB-zh-pos/PROPN (1; 2% instances).
# visual-style 8 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 8 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 6 fgColor:white
# visual-style 6 8 dislocated color:blue
1 總括 總括 VERB VV _ 3 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
2 來 來 ADV RB _ 3 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
3 說 說 VERB VV _ 6 dep _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
5 名人 名人 NOUN NN _ 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 會議 會議 NOUN NN _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
7 旨 旨 NOUN NN _ 8 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 在 在 VERB VV _ 6 dislocated _ SpaceAfter=No
9 維持 維持 VERB VV Voice=Cau 8 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
10 國家 國家 NOUN NN _ 12 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 繁榮 繁榮 ADJ JJ _ 12 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
12 安定 安定 ADJ JJ _ 9 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 22 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 22 fgColor:white
# visual-style 16 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 16 fgColor:white
# visual-style 16 22 dislocated color:blue
1 但 但 ADV RB _ 3 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
2 可以 可以 AUX MD _ 3 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
3 舉 舉 VERB VV _ 10 dep _ SpaceAfter=No
4 一 一 NUM CD NumType=Card 5 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No
5 事 事 NOUN NN _ 7 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 爲 爲 AUX VC _ 7 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
7 例 例 NOUN NN _ 3 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
9 他 他 PRON PRP Person=3 10 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 說 說 VERB VV _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
11 他 他 PRON PRP Person=3 12 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
12 喜歡 喜歡 VERB VV _ 16 dep _ SpaceAfter=No
13 涉覽 涉覽 VERB VV _ 12 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
14 筆記 筆記 NOUN NN _ 13 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
16 中國 中國 PROPN NNP _ 10 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
17 的 的 PART DEC Case=Gen 16 case:dec _ SpaceAfter=No
18 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
19 他 他 PRON PRP Person=3 22 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
20 幾乎 幾乎 ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
21 都 都 ADV RB _ 22 mark _ SpaceAfter=No
22 看 看 VERB VV _ 16 dislocated _ SpaceAfter=No
23 過 過 PART AS Aspect=Perf 22 case:aspect _ SpaceAfter=No
24 . . PUNCT . _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
# visual-style 11 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 11 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 11 dislocated color:blue
1 深焙 深焙 NOUN NN _ 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
2 咖啡 咖啡 NOUN NN _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
3 一般 一般 ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
4 比 比 ADP IN _ 9 case _ SpaceAfter=No
5 淺焙 淺焙 NOUN NN _ 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 咖啡 咖啡 NOUN NN _ 9 det _ SpaceAfter=No
7 的 的 PART DEC Case=Gen 6 case:dec _ SpaceAfter=No
8 咖啡 咖啡 NOUN NN _ 9 case:suff _ SpaceAfter=No
9 因 因 PART SFN _ 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 含量 含量 NOUN NN _ 11 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
11 少 少 ADJ JJ _ 2 dislocated _ SpaceAfter=No
12 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
13 因為 因為 ADP IN _ 16 case _ SpaceAfter=No
14 烘焙 烘焙 VERB VV _ 16 csubj _ SpaceAfter=No
15 能 能 AUX MD _ 16 aux _ SpaceAfter=No
16 減少 減少 VERB VV _ 11 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
17 咖啡 咖啡 NOUN NN _ 18 case:suff _ SpaceAfter=No
18 豆 豆 PART SFN _ 23 det _ SpaceAfter=No
19 裡 裡 ADP IN _ 18 acl _ SpaceAfter=No
20 的 的 PART DEC Case=Gen 18 case:dec _ SpaceAfter=No
21 咖啡 咖啡 NOUN NN _ 22 case:suff _ SpaceAfter=No
22 因 因 PART SFN _ 23 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
23 含量 含量 NOUN NN _ 16 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
24 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
dislocated in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]