nsubj: nominal subject
Designates the subject of a verb. The relation is from the lexical verb to the subject pronoun or noun, not from the auxiliary, as shown below. The annotation guidelines do not distinguish passive subjects, since the two forms of passive-like expressions in Coptic may be seen as syntactically indistinct from active:
Actional passive: formed by a third person plural with non-plural reference, but if there is no singular ‘by’ phrase, it is formally indistinguishable from the active equivalent:
Ⲁ/AUX ⲩ/PRON ⲥⲟⲧⲡ/VERB ⲥ/PRON \n she was chosen (or: they chose her)
aux(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲁ)
nsubj(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲩ)
obj(ⲥⲟⲧⲡ, ⲥ)
Stative passive: formed by the morphological stative form (pos=VSTAT) with a transitive verb, however syntactically same as statal reading with intransitive verb:
ϥ/PRON ⲕⲏⲧ/VERB \n it is built (transitive ⲕⲱⲧ “build”)
nsubj(ⲕⲏⲧ, ϥ)
ϥ/PRON ϩⲟⲗϭ/VERB \n it is sweet (intransitive ϩⲗⲟϭ)
nsubj(ϩⲟⲗϭ, ϥ)
Note also that the existential predicates (Scriptorium pos=EXIST) take nsubj for the existing entity, even when they are used in the possessive construction:
ⲙⲛ/VERB ⲙⲛⲧⲗⲏⲥⲧⲏⲥ/NOUN ϣⲟⲟⲡ/VERB \n there is no robbery
aux(ϣⲟⲟⲡ, ⲙⲛ)
nsubj(ϣⲟⲟⲡ, ⲙⲛⲧⲗⲏⲥⲧⲏⲥ)
If the possessor is indicated in the EXIST construction, the possessed is still annotated as nsubj, and the possessor is annotated as the indirect object, see iobj (i.e. the construction is interpreted as ‘there exists X to Y’).
ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ/VERB ⲩ/PRON ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ/PROPN \n they have Jesus (literally: “exists to them Jesus”)
iobj(ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ, ⲩ)
nsubj(ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ, ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ)
In pure existence predication, the existing entity is the subject, and the EXIST predicate is the local root:
ⲙⲛ/VERB ϭⲉ/PART ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ/NOUN ⲛⲃⲗⲁ/ADP ⲕ/PRON \n There is no God but you (“not existing” is the main predicate, “God” is the subject)
nsubj(ⲙⲛ, ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ)
det(ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ, ϭⲉ)
obl(ⲙⲛ, ⲕ)
case(ⲕ, ⲛⲃⲗⲁ)
The same analysis applies to the presentative particle ⲉⲓⲥ (‘behold’, ‘voila’):
ⲉⲓⲥ/PART ⲟⲩ/DET ⲥⲃⲱ/N ⲛ/ADP ⲃⲣⲣⲉ/N \n Behold, a new teaching
nsubj(ⲉⲓⲥ, ⲥⲃⲱ)
det(ⲥⲃⲱ, ⲟⲩ)
nmod(ⲃⲣⲣⲉ, ⲥⲃⲱ)
case(ⲃⲣⲣⲉ, ⲛ)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Coptic)
This relation is universal.
932 nodes (11%) are attached to their parents as nsubj.
835 instances of nsubj (90%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.29613733905579.
The following 22 pairs of parts of speech are connected with nsubj: cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/PRON (756; 81% instances), cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/NOUN (96; 10% instances), cop-pos/NOUN-cop-pos/PRON (15; 2% instances), cop-pos/PRON-cop-pos/DET (11; 1% instances), cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/PROPN (11; 1% instances), cop-pos/PRON-cop-pos/NOUN (10; 1% instances), cop-pos/DET-cop-pos/NOUN (7; 1% instances), cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/DET (5; 1% instances), cop-pos/NOUN-cop-pos/NOUN (4; 0% instances), cop-pos/PRON-cop-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), cop-pos/DET-cop-pos/DET (2; 0% instances), cop-pos/VERB-cop-pos/NUM (2; 0% instances), cop-pos/ADV-cop-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/DET-cop-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/NOUN-cop-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/NOUN-cop-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/NUM-cop-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/PART-cop-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/PART-cop-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/PROPN-cop-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/PROPN-cop-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), cop-pos/PROPN-cop-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances).
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1 ⲛ ⲛⲧⲉ AUX ACONJ _ 3 aux _ _
2 ⲅ ⲛⲧⲟⲕ PRON PPERS _ 3 nsubj _ _
3 ⲥⲟⲧ ⲥⲱⲧ VERB V _ 0 root _ _
4 ⲟⲩ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERO _ 3 obj _ _
5 ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ADV ADV _ 8 case _ _
6 ϩⲛ ϩⲛ ADP PREP _ 5 fixed _ _
7 ⲧ ⲡ DET ART _ 8 det _ _
8 ϭⲓϫ ϭⲓϫ NOUN N _ 3 obl _ _
9 ⲛ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 10 case _ _
10 ⲛ ⲡ DET ART _ 8 nmod _ _
11 ⲉⲧ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ SCONJ CREL _ 12 mark _ _
12 ⲑⲗⲓⲃⲉ ⲑⲗⲓⲃⲉ VERB V _ 10 acl _ _
13 ⲙⲙⲟ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 14 case _ _
14 ⲟⲩ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERO _ 12 obj _ _
15 · · PUNCT PUNCT _ 3 punct _ _
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1 ϣⲛ ϣⲛ VERB V _ 0 root _ _
2 ϩⲧⲏ ϩⲏⲧ NOUN N _ 1 obj _ _
3 ⲕ ⲛⲧⲟⲕ PRON PPERO _ 2 det _ _
4 ϭⲉ ϭⲉ PART PTC _ 1 advmod _ _
5 ϩⲁ ϩⲁ ADP PREP _ 7 case _ _
6 ⲡⲉⲕ ⲡⲉⲕ DET PPOS _ 7 det _ _
7 ⲗⲁⲟⲥ ⲗⲁⲟⲥ NOUN N _ 1 obl _ _
8 ⲡ ⲡ DET ART _ 9 det _ _
9 ϩⲁⲣϣϩⲏⲧ ϩⲁⲣϣϩⲏⲧ NOUN N _ 1 vocative _ _
10 ⲉⲧⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ SCONJ CREL _ 11 mark _ _
11 ⲛⲁϣⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲉ VERB VBD _ 9 acl _ _
12 ⲡⲉϥ ⲡⲉϥ DET PPOS _ 13 det _ _
13 ⲛⲁ ⲛⲁ NOUN N _ 11 nsubj _ _
14 · · PUNCT PUNCT _ 1 punct _ _
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1 ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉⲣⲉ AUX CPRET _ 5 mark _ _
2 ⲥ ⲛⲧⲟⲥ PRON PPERS _ 5 nsubj _ _
3 ⲙ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 5 case _ _
4 ⲡ ⲡ DET ART _ 5 det _ _
5 ⲙⲁ ⲙⲁ NOUN N _ 0 root _ _
6 ⲇⲉ ⲇⲉ PART PTC _ 5 advmod _ _
7 ⲉⲧ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ SCONJ CREL _ 8 mark _ _
8 ⲙⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲙⲁⲩ ADV ADV _ 5 acl _ _
9 ϩⲁⲣⲁⲧ ϩⲁⲣⲁⲧ ADP PREP _ 10 case _ _
10 ϥ ⲛⲧⲟϥ PRON PPERO _ 5 nmod _ _
11 ⲙ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 13 case _ _
12 ⲡ ⲡ DET ART _ 13 det _ _
13 ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ⲧⲟⲟⲩ NOUN N _ 5 nmod _ _
14 ⲛϭⲓ ⲛϭⲓ PART PTC _ 16 case _ _
15 ⲟⲩ ⲟⲩ DET ART _ 16 det _ _
16 ⲛⲟϭ ⲛⲟϭ NOUN N _ 5 dislocated _ _
17 ⲛ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 18 case _ _
18 ⲁⲅⲉⲗⲏ ⲁⲅⲉⲗⲏ NOUN N _ 16 nmod _ _
19 ⲛ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 20 case _ _
20 ⲣⲓⲣ ⲣⲓⲣ NOUN N _ 18 nmod _ _
21 ⲉ ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ SCONJ CREL _ 23 mark _ _
22 ⲩ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ PRON PPERS _ 23 nsubj _ _
23 ⲙⲟⲟⲛⲉ ⲙⲟⲟⲛⲉ VERB V _ 20 acl _ _
24 ⲙⲙⲟ ⲛ ADP PREP _ 25 case _ _
25 ⲥ ⲛⲧⲟⲥ PRON PPERO _ 23 obj _ _
nsubj in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [u] [ug] [uk] [ur] [urj] [vi] [yue] [zh]