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NOUN: noun

Definition

A noun can be defined in Ancient Greek as the PoS inflecting for case, number, and (typically one) gender. Some adjectives might be confused with nouns, they being very often used as substantivized adjectives (e.g., Ἀθηναῖος). In general, the LSJ should be used if doubt arises.

Examples

• λογεύς, έως, ὁ, “speaker”
• λῆμμα, ατος, τό, “anything received”
• ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό, “water”

References

Liddell, Henry George Liddell, and Robert Scott. 1940. A Greek-English lexicon. Revised by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Perseus Digital Library)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek)

There are 4909 NOUN lemmas (39%), 10986 NOUN types (29%) and 36705 NOUN tokens (20%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of NOUN is: 1 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 1 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent NOUN lemmas: ἀνήρ, ναῦς, θεός, ζεύς, χείρ, τρώς, πόλις, θυμός, ἵππος, παῖς

The 10 most frequent NOUN types: θεῶν, ἀνδρῶν, Ἕκτωρ, Διὸς, ἵππους, θυμὸν, Τρώων, πόλιν, Ζεὺς, νῆας

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: Ἀθήναιος (NOUN 154, ADJ 1), Λακεδαιμόνιος (NOUN 133, ADJ 5), Ἀθηναῖος (NOUN 84, ADJ 15), βοῦς (NOUN 80, ADJ 1), πλῆθος (NOUN 65, ADJ 1), Κορίνθιος (NOUN 62, ADJ 5), νεκρός (NOUN 61, ADJ 14), βάρβαρος (NOUN 58, ADJ 17), Ἴλιος (NOUN 56, ADJ 2), χάρις (NOUN 46, ADP 1)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: Ἀθηναίων (NOUN 72, ADJ 3), Λακεδαιμόνιοι (NOUN 54, ADJ 1), Ἴλιον (NOUN 41, ADJ 1), χάριν (NOUN 35, ADP 1), ἀρχὴν (NOUN 30, ADV 1), Λακεδαιμονίους (NOUN 29, ADJ 2), Ἀχαιῶν (ADJ 181, NOUN 27), βαρβάρων (NOUN 25, ADJ 6), μηδὲν (NOUN 22, PRON 17), ὀχέων (NOUN 22, VERB 1)

• Ἀθηναίων
  • NOUN 72: τοὺς μὲν λόγους τοὺς πολλοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων οὐ γιγνώσκω ·
  • ADJ 3: Αἴας δ̓ ἐκ Σαλαμῖνος ἄγεν δυοκαίδεκα νῆας , στῆσε δ̓ ἄγων ἵν̓ Ἀθηναίων ἵσταντο φάλαγγες .
• Λακεδαιμόνιοι
  • NOUN 54: Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ παραγενόμενοι κατέλυσαν τὴν δημοκρατίαν .
  • ADJ 1: ταῦτα εἰπόντος τοῦ κήρυκος , λέγεται Κῦρον ἐπειρέσθαι τοὺς παρεόντας οἱ Ἑλλήνων τινες ἐόντες ἄνθρωποι Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ κόσοι πλῆθος ταῦτα ἑωυτῷ προαγορεύουσι ·
• Ἴλιον
  • NOUN 41: Αἰνεία πῶς ἂν καὶ ὑπὲρ θεὸν εἰρύσσαισθε Ἴλιον αἰπεινήν ;
  • ADJ 1: οἶος γὰρ ἐρύετο Ἴλιον Ἕκτωρ .
• χάριν
  • NOUN 35: ὦ Κηναία κρηπὶς βωμῶν , ἱερῶν οἵαν οἵων ἐπί μοι μελέῳ χάριν ἠνύσω ·
  • ADP 1: καὶ τοῦτο μὲν εἴρηται χάριν τοῦ γελοίου ·
• ἀρχὴν
  • NOUN 30: ὅτι τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς πολιτείας εἰς τὸν Πύθιον ἀνῆψε .
  • ADV 1: καὶ ἀμφὶ μὲν τῷ νόμῳ τούτῳ ἐχέτω ὡς καὶ ἀρχὴν ἐνομίσθη , ἄνειμι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πρότερον λόγον .
• Λακεδαιμονίους
  • NOUN 29: ἀντεκέλευον δὲ καὶ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους τὸ ἀπὸ Ταινάρου ἄγος ἐλαύνειν ·
  • ADJ 2: κατεστρέψατο μὲν Ἴωνάς τε καὶ Αἰολέας καὶ Δωριέας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀσίῃ , φίλους δὲ προσεποιήσατο Λακεδαιμονίους .
• Ἀχαιῶν
  • ADJ 181: ἦ ποτ̓ Ἀχιλλῆος ποθὴ ἵξεται υἷας Ἀχαιῶν σύμπαντας ·
  • NOUN 27: τάχα δ̓ ἂν καὶ κῦδος Ἀχαιῶν ἔπλετο ·
• βαρβάρων
  • NOUN 25: τοὺς γὰρ ἀφισταμένους τῶν βαρβάρων Ἑλληνικαῖς δυνάμεσι καταπολεμεῖς ·
  • ADJ 6: καὶ Κελτοὶ δὲ τῶν βαρβάρων καίτοι καλλίστας ἔχοντες γυναῖκας παιδικοῖς μᾶλλον χαίρουσιν ·
• μηδὲν
  • NOUN 22: κεἰ τὸ μηδὲν ἐξερῶ , φράσω δ̓ ὅμως ·
  • PRON 17: ἐξ ὧν φιλεῖ μηδὲν ἐπιτελὲς γίγνεσθαι .
• ὀχέων
  • NOUN 22: ἤριπε δ̓ ἐξ ὀχέων , ὑπερώησαν δέ οἱ ἵπποι κείν̓ ὄχεα κροτέοντες .
  • VERB 1: ἦ που πολλὰ μετεστεναχίζετ̓ ὀπίσσω ἣν ἄτην ὀχέων ·

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of NOUN is 2.237930 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.038201).

The 1st highest number of forms (33) was observed with the lemma “χείρ”: χέρα, χέρας, χέρεσσιν, χέρσ̓, χείρ, χείρεσι, χείρεσσ̓, χείρεσσι, χείρεσσιν, χειρί, χειροῖν, χειρός, χειρὶ, χειρὸς, χειρῶν, χερί, χεροῖν, χερσί, χερσίν, χερσὶ, χερσὶν, χερός, χερὶ, χερὸς, χερῶν, χεὶρ, χεῖῤ, χεῖράς, χεῖρές, χεῖρα, χεῖρας, χεῖρε, χεῖρες.

The 2nd highest number of forms (32) was observed with the lemma “ναῦς”: νέας, νέες, νέεσσι, νέεσσιν, νήεσσι, νήεσσιν, ναυσί, ναυσὶ, ναυσὶν, ναὸς, ναῦν, ναῦς, ναῦφι, ναῦφιν, νεός, νεὸς, νεὼς, νεῶν, νηυσί, νηυσίν, νηυσὶ, νηυσὶν, νηός, νηὶ, νηὸς, νηῒ, νηῦς, νηῶν, νῆάς, νῆα, νῆας, νῆες.

The 3rd highest number of forms (32) was observed with the lemma “ἀνήρ”: τἀνδρός, τἀνδρὶ, τἀνδρὸς, ἀνέρα, ἀνέρας, ἀνέρε, ἀνέρες, ἀνέρι, ἀνέρος, ἀνέρων, ἀνήρ, ἀνδράσι, ἀνδράσιν, ἀνδρί, ἀνδρός, ἀνδρὶ, ἀνδρὸς, ἀνδρῶν, ἀνὴρ, ἁνήρ, ἁνὴρ, ἄνδῤ, ἄνδρά, ἄνδρα, ἄνδρας, ἄνδρε, ἄνδρες, ἄνδρεσσι, ἄνδρεσσιν, ἅνδρες, ἆνερ, ὡνὴρ.

NOUN occurs with 3 features: grc-feat/Case (36703; 100% instances), grc-feat/Number (36689; 100% instances), grc-feat/Gender (36604; 100% instances)

NOUN occurs with 11 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Nom, Case=Voc, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing

NOUN occurs with 53 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing (4052 tokens). Examples: Ἕκτωρ, Ζεὺς, Ἀπόλλων, ἀνὴρ, Ἀχιλλεύς, Αἴας, πατὴρ, Ἀγαμέμνων, θυμὸς, Ἀχιλλεὺς

Relations

NOUN nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: grc-dep/obj (10150; 28% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (7348; 20% instances), grc-dep/nmod (6000; 16% instances), grc-dep/obl (5854; 16% instances), grc-dep/advmod (2475; 7% instances), grc-dep/conj (2475; 7% instances), grc-dep/vocative (707; 2% instances), grc-dep/iobj (608; 2% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (552; 2% instances), grc-dep/appos (212; 1% instances), grc-dep/root (166; 0% instances), grc-dep/advcl (75; 0% instances), grc-dep/acl (74; 0% instances), grc-dep/case (9; 0% instances)

Parents of NOUN nodes belong to 13 different parts of speech: VERB (26534; 72% instances), NOUN (7798; 21% instances), ADJ (1471; 4% instances), PRON (446; 1% instances), ROOT (166; 0% instances), DET (146; 0% instances), ADV (102; 0% instances), ADP (19; 0% instances), X (8; 0% instances), PUNCT (6; 0% instances), CCONJ (4; 0% instances), PART (3; 0% instances), NUM (2; 0% instances)

11647 (32%) NOUN nodes are leaves.

14425 (39%) NOUN nodes have one child.

6874 (19%) NOUN nodes have two children.

3759 (10%) NOUN nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a NOUN node is 98.

Children of NOUN nodes are attached using 23 different relations: grc-dep/nmod (16882; 39% instances), grc-dep/det (7192; 17% instances), grc-dep/case (6656; 16% instances), grc-dep/conj (2534; 6% instances), grc-dep/advmod (2467; 6% instances), grc-dep/cc (2031; 5% instances), grc-dep/punct (1180; 3% instances), grc-dep/acl (1004; 2% instances), grc-dep/amod (852; 2% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (663; 2% instances), grc-dep/cop (439; 1% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (247; 1% instances), grc-dep/appos (221; 1% instances), grc-dep/nummod (180; 0% instances), grc-dep/advcl (55; 0% instances), grc-dep/mark (49; 0% instances), grc-dep/obl (38; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj (37; 0% instances), grc-dep/csubj (21; 0% instances), grc-dep/vocative (17; 0% instances), grc-dep/iobj (3; 0% instances), grc-dep/aux (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of NOUN nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: ADJ (11302; 26% instances), NOUN (7798; 18% instances), DET (7194; 17% instances), ADP (6625; 15% instances), VERB (2632; 6% instances), CCONJ (1844; 4% instances), PRON (1364; 3% instances), PART (1320; 3% instances), PUNCT (1180; 3% instances), ADV (1102; 3% instances), INTJ (183; 0% instances), NUM (181; 0% instances), SCONJ (40; 0% instances), X (6; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Ancient_Greek-PROIEL)

There are 2923 NOUN lemmas (31%), 7373 NOUN types (23%) and 33199 NOUN tokens (17%). Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of NOUN is: 1 in number of lemmas, 2 in number of types and 2 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent NOUN lemmas: θεός, κύριος, ἄνθρωπος, ἀνήρ, λόγος, ἡμέρα, γυνή, πατήρ, πόλις, βασιλεύς

The 10 most frequent NOUN types: θεοῦ, θεὸς, κυρίου, λόγον, θεῷ, κύριος, πόλιν, γῆς, ἀνθρώπων, ἡμέρας

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: κύριος (NOUN 662, ADJ 4), Πέρσης (NOUN 267, PROPN 1), δοῦλος (NOUN 134, ADJ 3), Ἴων (NOUN 105, PROPN 1), Λυδός (NOUN 89, PROPN 2), δικαιοσύνη (NOUN 85, ADJ 1), Μῆδος (NOUN 73, ADJ 1), Σκύθης (NOUN 44, PROPN 4), θύρα (NOUN 44, VERB 1), φίλος (NOUN 44, ADJ 7)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: νέας (NOUN 69, ADJ 2), χάριν (NOUN 39, ADP 7), ὥρα (NOUN 30, VERB 7), δικαιοσύνης (NOUN 29, ADJ 1), ἀρχήν (NOUN 20, ADV 1), βαρβάρων (NOUN 19, ADJ 1), δόξῃ (NOUN 19, VERB 2), ἡμέρης (NOUN 18, ADJ 1), Πέρσην (NOUN 16, PROPN 1), ἱρὸν (NOUN 15, ADJ 3)

• νέας
  • NOUN 69: τὸ μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἠῶ εἶχον κέρας αὐτοὶ Μιλήσιοι νέας παρεχόμενοι ὀγδώκοντα
  • ADJ 2: πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως ἐν καταστήματι ἱεροπρεπεῖς μὴ διαβόλους μὴ οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας καλοδιδασκάλους ἵνα σωφρονίζωσιν τὰς νέας φιλάνδρους εἶναι φιλοτέκνους σώφρονας ἁγνάς οἰκουργούς ἀγαθάς ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται
• χάριν
  • NOUN 39: εὗρες γὰρ χάριν παρὰ τῷ θεῷ
  • ADP 7: οὗ χάριν λέγω σοι
• ὥρα
  • NOUN 30: ἔρημός ἐστιν ὁ τόπος καὶ ἡ ὥρα παρῆλθεν ἤδη
  • VERB 7: τοὺς μὲν δὴ ὥρα γυμναζομένους τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς δὲ τὰς κόμας κτενιζομένους
• δικαιοσύνης
  • NOUN 29: ἥκω δὲ τῆς σῆς Γλαῦκε βουλόμενος δικαιοσύνης ἀπολαῦσαι
  • ADJ 1: πᾶς γὰρ ὁ μετέχων γάλακτος ἄπειρος λόγου δικαιοσύνης
• ἀρχήν
  • NOUN 20: ἀρχήν γὰρ ἐγὼ μηχανήσομαι οὕτω ὥστε μηδέ μαθεῖν μιν ὀφθεῖσαν ὑπὸ σεῦ
  • ADV 1: ἐπὶ δὲ Κύζικον οὐδὲ ἔπλωσαν ἀρχήν
• βαρβάρων
  • NOUN 19: αὗται μὲν Ἰώνων ἦσαν τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων τὸ πλῆθος τῶν νεῶν ἦσαν ἑξακόσιαι
  • ADJ 1: ταύτην τὴν μάχην ὅσαι δὴ βαρβάρων ἀνδρῶν μάχαι ἐγένοντο κρίνω ἰσχυροτάτην γενέσθαι καὶ δὴ καὶ πυνθάνομαι οὕτω τοῦτο γενόμενον
• δόξῃ
  • NOUN 19: οὐδὲ Σολομὼν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ περιεβάλετο ὡς ἓν τούτων
  • VERB 2: μή τίς με δόξῃ ἄφρονα εἶναι
• ἡμέρης
  • NOUN 18: ἀπὸ μὲν δὴ ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρης μεταπεσεῖν τὸ εἶδος
  • ADJ 1: ἡ δὲ Πυθίη οὐδέτερα τούτων ἔα ἀλλὰ ξύλου ἡμέρης ἐλαίης
• Πέρσην
  • NOUN 16: ὃ δ’ ἐλθὼν παραιτέετο τὸν Πέρσην
  • PROPN 1: ἐπεὶ δὲ Περσεὺς ὁ Δανάης τε καὶ Διὸς ἀπίκετο παρὰ Κηφέα τὸν Βήλου καὶ ἔσχε αὐτοῦ τὴν θυγατέρα Ἀνδρομέδην γίνεται αὐτῷ παῖς τῷ οὔνομα ἔθετο Πέρσην
• ἱρὸν
  • NOUN 15: τῷ δὲ Λυκούργῳ τελευτήσαντι ἱρὸν εἱσάμενοι σέβονται μεγάλως
  • ADJ 3: γίνεται γὰρ ἱρὸν τοῦτο τὸ ἀργύριον

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of NOUN is 2.522408 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.387371).

The 1st highest number of forms (25) was observed with the lemma “ἀδελφός”: ἀδελφέ, ἀδελφεοί, ἀδελφεούς, ἀδελφεοὶ, ἀδελφεοὺς, ἀδελφεοῖσι, ἀδελφεοῦ, ἀδελφεόν, ἀδελφεός, ἀδελφεὸν, ἀδελφεὸς, ἀδελφεῶν, ἀδελφεῷ, ἀδελφοί, ἀδελφούς, ἀδελφοὶ, ἀδελφοὺς, ἀδελφοῖς, ἀδελφοῦ, ἀδελφόν, ἀδελφός, ἀδελφὸν, ἀδελφὸς, ἀδελφῶν, ἀδελφῷ.

The 2nd highest number of forms (18) was observed with the lemma “γυνή”: γυνή, γυναικί, γυναικός, γυναικὶ, γυναικὸς, γυναικῶν, γυναιξί, γυναιξίν, γυναιξὶ, γυναιξὶν, γυναῖκά, γυναῖκάς, γυναῖκές, γυναῖκα, γυναῖκας, γυναῖκες, γυνὴ, γύναι.

The 3rd highest number of forms (16) was observed with the lemma “βασιλεύς”: βασιλέα, βασιλέας, βασιλέες, βασιλέι, βασιλέος, βασιλέων, βασιλέως, βασιλέϊ, βασιλεύς, βασιλεὺς, βασιλεῖ, βασιλεῖς, βασιλεῦ, βασιλεῦσι, βασιλεῦσιν, βασιλῆ.

NOUN occurs with 3 features: grc-feat/Case (33137; 100% instances), grc-feat/Number (33137; 100% instances), grc-feat/Gender (33136; 100% instances)

NOUN occurs with 12 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Nom, Case=Voc, Gender=Fem, Gender=Fem,Masc, Gender=Masc, Gender=Masc,Neut, Gender=Neut, Number=Plur, Number=Sing

NOUN occurs with 41 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing (3684 tokens). Examples: πόλιν, γῆν, θάλασσαν, γυναῖκα, βασιλείαν, ὁδὸν, ἐξουσίαν, ἡμέραν, δόξαν, πίστιν

Relations

NOUN nodes are attached to their parents using 19 different relations: grc-dep/obl (7631; 23% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (6193; 19% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (5202; 16% instances), grc-dep/nmod (4626; 14% instances), grc-dep/conj (2990; 9% instances), grc-dep/iobj (1871; 6% instances), grc-dep/appos (1158; 3% instances), grc-dep/nsubj:pass (895; 3% instances), grc-dep/root (748; 2% instances), grc-dep/vocative (539; 2% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (538; 2% instances), grc-dep/orphan (188; 1% instances), grc-dep/advcl (185; 1% instances), grc-dep/obl:agent (181; 1% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (132; 0% instances), grc-dep/advmod (95; 0% instances), grc-dep/parataxis (20; 0% instances), grc-dep/csubj:pass (6; 0% instances), grc-dep/dep (1; 0% instances)

Parents of NOUN nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: VERB (21083; 64% instances), NOUN (6956; 21% instances), ADJ (1780; 5% instances), PROPN (901; 3% instances), ROOT (748; 2% instances), ADV (620; 2% instances), PRON (400; 1% instances), AUX (354; 1% instances), NUM (139; 0% instances), ADP (96; 0% instances), CCONJ (49; 0% instances), INTJ (28; 0% instances), DET (25; 0% instances), SCONJ (19; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

5863 (18%) NOUN nodes are leaves.

11599 (35%) NOUN nodes have one child.

9592 (29%) NOUN nodes have two children.

6145 (19%) NOUN nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a NOUN node is 29.

Children of NOUN nodes are attached using 25 different relations: grc-dep/det (22952; 43% instances), grc-dep/case (7976; 15% instances), grc-dep/nmod (6259; 12% instances), grc-dep/cc (2999; 6% instances), grc-dep/amod (2956; 6% instances), grc-dep/conj (2796; 5% instances), grc-dep/acl (1618; 3% instances), grc-dep/cop (978; 2% instances), grc-dep/appos (928; 2% instances), grc-dep/nummod (849; 2% instances), grc-dep/nsubj (778; 1% instances), grc-dep/advmod (674; 1% instances), grc-dep/discourse (674; 1% instances), grc-dep/orphan (297; 1% instances), grc-dep/obl (195; 0% instances), grc-dep/mark (191; 0% instances), grc-dep/advcl (148; 0% instances), grc-dep/ccomp (126; 0% instances), grc-dep/iobj (80; 0% instances), grc-dep/vocative (51; 0% instances), grc-dep/obj:dir (14; 0% instances), grc-dep/parataxis (10; 0% instances), grc-dep/fixed (3; 0% instances), grc-dep/dep (2; 0% instances), grc-dep/xcomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of NOUN nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: DET (19839; 37% instances), ADP (7984; 15% instances), NOUN (6956; 13% instances), ADJ (4462; 8% instances), PRON (3685; 7% instances), CCONJ (3009; 6% instances), VERB (2505; 5% instances), PROPN (1640; 3% instances), ADV (1272; 2% instances), AUX (1010; 2% instances), NUM (892; 2% instances), SCONJ (194; 0% instances), INTJ (105; 0% instances), X (2; 0% instances)

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NOUN in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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