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PROPN: proper noun

Definition

A proper noun is a noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object. Czech proper nouns are always written starting with an uppercase letter. Note that names of days of week (pondělí, úterý, středa, čtvrtek, pátek, sobota, neděle)  and names of months (leden, únor, březen, duben, květen, červen, červenec, srpen, září, říjen, listopad, prosinec)  are not written capitalized (unlike in English) and are not considered proper nouns.

Single-word named entities should be tagged PROPN even if they originate from a common noun (Zajíc, Huť)  or an adjective (Veselý, Teplá).  Even if they were originally adjectives and inflect according to adjectival paradigms, they behave syntactically as nouns. For instance, Teplá  (a river and city in western Bohemia) is originally feminine form of the adjective teplý  “warm” but as a geographical name, it is a noun. It denotes a concrete location (rather than a property of somebody/something) and its feminine gender is fixed (while adjectives have forms in all three genders).

Note that names of languages (čeština, angličtina) and adjectives derived from geographical names (český, anglický  “Czech, English”) are written in lowercase and are not tagged PROPN.

Personal names are typically treated as a sequence of proper nouns (one or more given names and one or more surnames). If the name contains prepositions, conjunctions or articles (foreign names and old Czech names), these are tagged as ADP, CCONJ and DET, respectively.

Czech (and other Slavic) multi-word named entities have internal syntactic structure, which is preserved in the annotation. The headword is always noun and there may be other nouns involved. They will be tagged either PROPN or NOUN and possible ambiguities must be resolved individually. Modifying adjectives are never tagged PROPN. Even if an adjective is the first word of a multi-word name, and thus it starts with an uppercase letter, it is still tagged ADJ. Similarly, function words in named entities retain their normal tags. These rules are less strict for foreign named entities where the original part of speech is hidden for a Czech speaker.

Examples

• Bečov.PROPN nad.ADP Teplou.PROPN is a city. Bečov  is the head and the nad Teplou  part refers to the river flowing through the city, to distinguish it from other Bečovs.
• Červený.ADJ Újezd.PROPN is a village. Újezd  is the head and it is tagged PROPN although it originates in the common noun újezd  “district, riding”. There are many locations named Újezd  and the noun is perceived as a proper noun in current Czech. Červený  is an adjective meaning “red” and it is tagged ADJ.
• Červená.ADJ řeka.NOUN “Red River”. Even though the two words together are a name of a particular river, řeka is a common noun and is tagged as such.
• Organizace.NOUN spojených.ADJ národů.NOUN “United Nations Organization” consists of three words, none of which is proper noun. However, the acronym OSN  “UNO” is a single-token name and is tagged PROPN.

Conversion from the Prague Dependency Treebank

The PDT set of morphological (part-of-speech) tags does not distinguish common and proper nouns. However, lemmas in PDT contain additional features that also encode types of named entities. When converting the PDT annotation to UD, these lemma features are removed, the PROPN tag is used and the feature cs-feat/NameType is added to the universal features to preserve the type. Only nouns are treated this way. Foreign adjectives are not converted to PROPN despite the fact that they entered Czech as parts of foreign names and their lemmas contain the name type feature.

The following table lists the name types together with the most frequent examples. See http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/techrep/tr27.pdf, page 8, section 2.1 (Lemma structure) for more details.

_;Y	given name	Jan, Jiří, Václav, Petr, Josef	“Jan, Jiří, Václav, Petr, Josef”
_;S	surname	Klaus, Havel, Němec, Jelcin, Svoboda	“Klaus, Havel, Němec, Yeltsin, Svoboda”
_;E	member of a particular nation, inhabitant of a particular territory	Němec, Čech, Srb, Američan, Slovák	“German, Czech, Serbian, American, Slovak”
_;G	geographical name	Praha, ČR, Evropa, Německo, Brno	“Prague, CR, Europe, Germany, Brno”
_;K	company, organization, institution	ODS, OSN, Sparta, ODA, Slavia	“ODS, UN, Sparta, ODA, Slavia”
_;R	product	LN, Mercedes, Tatra, PC, MF	“LN, Mercedes, Tatra, PC, MF”
_;m	other proper name: names of mines, stadiums, guerilla bases etc.	US, PVP, Prix, Rapaport, Tour	“US, PVP, Prix, Rapaport, Tour”

Diffs

Prague Dependency Treebank

Articles in foreign names (the, die, le)  are tagged ADJ, not DET. Otherwise, the morphological analysis usually includes the original part of speech of foreign words.

References

• Loos, Eugene E., et al. 2003. Glossary of linguistic terms: What is a proper noun?
• Wikipedia

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

There are 14162 PROPN lemmas (25%), 20294 PROPN types (17%) and 74824 PROPN tokens (6%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of PROPN is: 2 in number of lemmas, 3 in number of types and 6 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PROPN lemmas: Praha, ČR, Evropa, LN, Jan, Jiří, Německo, Brno, USA, ODS

The 10 most frequent PROPN types: Praha, ČR, Praze, LN, USA, ODS, J, Jiří, Jan, OSN

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: J (PROPN 381, ADJ 24), M (PROPN 219, NOUN 8), V (PROPN 183, NUM 21, NOUN 7, ADJ 5), A (PROPN 158, NOUN 8, ADJ 8), York (PROPN 145, ADJ 4), P (PROPN 127, ADJ 4, NOUN 2), čt (NOUN 4, PROPN 2), S (PROPN 108, ADJ 11, NOUN 2), r (NOUN 5, PROPN 1, ADV 1), F (PROPN 85, ADJ 10, NOUN 9)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: J (PROPN 381, ADJ 24, NOUN 3), M (PROPN 219, NOUN 35), V (ADP 3315, PROPN 183, NUM 21, NOUN 15, ADJ 6), A (CCONJ 933, PROPN 158, NOUN 54, ADJ 19, X 1), Rusko (PROPN 132, ADJ 3), P (PROPN 127, ADJ 15, NOUN 10, ADP 1), Německo (PROPN 119, ADJ 2), S (ADP 414, PROPN 109, NOUN 25, ADJ 13), r (NOUN 351, ADV 1, PROPN 1), Plzeň (PROPN 89, NOUN 20)

• J
  • PROPN 381: J . Vachek , Praha
  • ADJ 24: J - klub :
  • NOUN 3: na “ rozbití “ Země je zapotřebí 10 33 J ) .
• M
  • PROPN 219: Příchod Nového roku oslaví M . Gorbačov v Moskvě .
  • NOUN 35: ” Nesnesu soucit , “ řekla mi na rozloučenou Jana M .
• V
  • ADP 3315: V mnoha směrech dochází k obratu .
  • PROPN 183: Vystoupí V . Havel v televizi ?
  • NUM 21: ALEŠ V .
  • NOUN 15: R . V .
  • ADJ 6: Cook ( V . Brit . ) 1 : 58 : 44 , 2 .
• A
  • CCONJ 933: A skutečně přišel s návrhem na zjednodušený model řízení .
  • PROPN 158: Přenosová rychlost : ( A 4 / sec ) 12
  • NOUN 54: Našeho čtenáře bude zajímat licence A .
  • ADJ 19: A O Travel se srazit nedala
  • X 1: Písně na sebe upozorňují výraznými uvolněnými refrény ( ve Without A Trace krátce přebírá refrénový motiv zpěváka i kytara ) , do nichž se koncentruje energetická síla hudebníků .
• Rusko
  • PROPN 132: Rusko oficiálně uznaly i Japonsko a Řecko .
  • ADJ 3: Rusko - lotyšské rozhovory o stažení jednotek bývalé sovětské armády skončilo ve středu v lotyšském letovisku Jurmala .
• P
  • PROPN 127: P . L . , Ostrava
  • ADJ 15: Velký úspěch má v poslední době také program S . P . Z .
  • NOUN 10: P je označením pro ty kameny , jejichž poruchy jsou vidět pouhým okem .
  • ADP 1: P . S .
• Německo
  • PROPN 119: Dnešní Německo : víme - nevíme
  • ADJ 2: Německo - českou péčí vznikla letos v létě v Jihlavě zajímavá muzejní expozice : objevně si všímá mládí skladatele a dirigenta Gustava Mahlera .
• S
  • ADP 414: S velkou pravděpodobností u jednoho pobytu naše spolupráce neskončila .
  • PROPN 109: P . S . : Souhlasím .
  • NOUN 25: P . S .
  • ADJ 13: Velký úspěch má v poslední době také program S . P . Z .
• r
  • NOUN 351: Skutečnost r . 1992
  • ADV 1: Uwe Fink z Arizonské univerzity zkoumal spektra Yamakovy komety ( 1988 r ) a zjistil , že prakticky neobsahuje molekulární uhlík a kyan , čímž se výrazně liší od běžných komet .
  • PROPN 1: ( r ) ( ČT 1 - 20.30 )
• Plzeň
  • PROPN 89: Plzeň -
  • NOUN 20: Likérka Plzeň Božkov míří ke 3000 Kč .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PROPN is 1.432990 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.162583).

The 1st highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “Čech”: ČECH, ČEŠI, Čech, Čecha, Čechem, Čechovi, Čechy, Čechů, Čechům, Češi, Češích.

The 2nd highest number of forms (10) was observed with the lemma “Jan”: JAN, JANA, Jan, Jana, Janem, Janovi, Janové, Janu, Jany, Janů.

The 3rd highest number of forms (10) was observed with the lemma “Němec”: NĚMCI, NĚMCŮ, NĚMEC, Němce, Němcem, Němci, Němcích, Němců, Němcům, Němec.

PROPN occurs with 9 features: cs-feat/NameType (74824; 100% instances), cs-feat/Polarity (74824; 100% instances), cs-feat/Gender (73077; 98% instances), cs-feat/Number (61287; 82% instances), cs-feat/Case (59253; 79% instances), cs-feat/Animacy (43715; 58% instances), cs-feat/Abbr (11545; 15% instances), cs-feat/Foreign (3218; 4% instances), cs-feat/Style (136; 0% instances)

PROPN occurs with 46 feature-value pairs: Abbr=Yes, Animacy=Anim, Animacy=Inan, Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Case=Voc, Foreign=Yes, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, NameType=Com, NameType=Com,Geo, NameType=Com,Giv, NameType=Com,Giv,Sur, NameType=Com,Nat, NameType=Com,Pro, NameType=Com,Sur, NameType=Geo, NameType=Geo,Giv, NameType=Geo,Giv,Sur, NameType=Geo,Oth, NameType=Geo,Pro, NameType=Geo,Sur, NameType=Giv, NameType=Giv,Nat, NameType=Giv,Oth, NameType=Giv,Pro, NameType=Giv,Pro,Sur, NameType=Giv,Sur, NameType=Nat, NameType=Nat,Sur, NameType=Oth, NameType=Pro, NameType=Pro,Sur, NameType=Sur, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Polarity=Pos, Style=Arch, Style=Coll, Style=Expr, Style=Rare

PROPN occurs with 590 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Sur|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos (12654 tokens). Examples: Klaus, Havel, Svoboda, Jelcin, Zeman, Mečiar, Němec, Jelínek, Novák, John

Relations

PROPN nodes are attached to their parents using 25 different relations: cs-dep/nmod (23813; 32% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (13133; 18% instances), cs-dep/flat (12090; 16% instances), cs-dep/conj (6872; 9% instances), cs-dep/obl (5992; 8% instances), cs-dep/root (4816; 6% instances), cs-dep/dep (2495; 3% instances), cs-dep/obj (2396; 3% instances), cs-dep/appos (1202; 2% instances), cs-dep/iobj (635; 1% instances), cs-dep/orphan (450; 1% instances), cs-dep/flat:foreign (373; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj:pass (322; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (145; 0% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (29; 0% instances), cs-dep/cc (17; 0% instances), cs-dep/vocative (15; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/case (6; 0% instances), cs-dep/amod (5; 0% instances), cs-dep/acl (4; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), cs-dep/csubj:pass (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/punct (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PROPN nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: NOUN (23369; 31% instances), PROPN (23293; 31% instances), VERB (19956; 27% instances), ROOT (4816; 6% instances), ADJ (2496; 3% instances), NUM (342; 0% instances), ADV (328; 0% instances), DET (94; 0% instances), PRON (87; 0% instances), PART (17; 0% instances), ADP (11; 0% instances), SYM (7; 0% instances), CCONJ (4; 0% instances), INTJ (2; 0% instances), PUNCT (2; 0% instances)

30012 (40%) PROPN nodes are leaves.

24315 (32%) PROPN nodes have one child.

11487 (15%) PROPN nodes have two children.

9010 (12%) PROPN nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PROPN node is 29.

Children of PROPN nodes are attached using 29 different relations: cs-dep/punct (17318; 21% instances), cs-dep/case (14526; 18% instances), cs-dep/flat (12112; 15% instances), cs-dep/nmod (11822; 14% instances), cs-dep/conj (7337; 9% instances), cs-dep/amod (4696; 6% instances), cs-dep/cc (3211; 4% instances), cs-dep/dep (2970; 4% instances), cs-dep/nummod (1492; 2% instances), cs-dep/flat:foreign (1401; 2% instances), cs-dep/acl (1387; 2% instances), cs-dep/appos (1200; 1% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (1084; 1% instances), cs-dep/orphan (455; 1% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (343; 0% instances), cs-dep/mark (298; 0% instances), cs-dep/det (97; 0% instances), cs-dep/advmod (74; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (69; 0% instances), cs-dep/cop (61; 0% instances), cs-dep/obl (57; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (56; 0% instances), cs-dep/nummod:gov (37; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (9; 0% instances), cs-dep/obj (9; 0% instances), cs-dep/aux (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/det:numgov (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/det:nummod (3; 0% instances), cs-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances)

Children of PROPN nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: PROPN (23293; 28% instances), PUNCT (17320; 21% instances), ADP (14628; 18% instances), NOUN (11603; 14% instances), ADJ (5983; 7% instances), CCONJ (3525; 4% instances), NUM (2347; 3% instances), VERB (1646; 2% instances), ADV (962; 1% instances), SCONJ (308; 0% instances), DET (219; 0% instances), PART (160; 0% instances), AUX (64; 0% instances), PRON (43; 0% instances), SYM (22; 0% instances), INTJ (8; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)

There are 3405 PROPN lemmas (12%), 4315 PROPN types (7%) and 9676 PROPN tokens (2%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PROPN is: 4 in number of lemmas, 4 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PROPN lemmas: Praha, KSČ, ROH, SSSR, ÚJČ, SSM, ČSAV, ČSSR, Československo, Škoda

The 10 most frequent PROPN types: KSČ, Praze, ROH, SSSR, ÚJČ, SSM, ČSAV, ČSSR, Praha, Škoda

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: hora (NOUN 24, PROPN 19), VB (PROPN 22, NOUN 4), Vyšehrad (PROPN 8, NOUN 1), KRB (PROPN 6, NOUN 1), Janský (PROPN 5, ADJ 3), most (NOUN 42, PROPN 1), KS (PROPN 3, NOUN 3), MP (PROPN 3, NOUN 1), SRPŠ (PROPN 3, NOUN 1), NVP (PROPN 2, NOUN 2)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: Praha (PROPN 100, NOUN 1), Škoda (PROPN 66, NOUN 4), Země (PROPN 29, NOUN 6), VB (PROPN 22, NOUN 4), Slunce (PROPN 13, NOUN 2), Svoboda (PROPN 10, NOUN 1), horách (PROPN 5, NOUN 2), Králík (PROPN 9, NOUN 3), Měsíce (PROPN 9, NOUN 4), Karpaty (PROPN 8, NOUN 1)

• Praha
  • PROPN 100: V říjnu bude sjednocovací řízení s HDP Praha .
  • NOUN 1: V létech # - # se otázkám rozvoje oblasti plastických hmot věnovala pozornost prostřednictvím státního úkolu koordinovaného ve SVUM Praha .
• Škoda
  • PROPN 66: Nejvíce dárců bylo z OÚNZ Klatovy , Okuly , Nýrsko a Škoda Klatovy .
  • NOUN 4: Škoda kolem # * .
• Země
  • PROPN 29: Váha opravy klesá s rostoucí vzdáleností od Země .
  • NOUN 6: Úspěch na výstavě Země živitelka .
• VB
  • PROPN 22: Rušné dopoledne prožili dnes příslušníci VB , oddělení dopravních nehod .
  • NOUN 4: Zajistí vedoucí VS a VB .
• Slunce
  • PROPN 13: Tak zjistíme tuto hustotu jako funkci vzdálenosti od Slunce .
  • NOUN 2: Slunce spravedlivě rozděluje teplo mezi důchodce na lavičkách a kojence v peřinkách .
• Svoboda
  • PROPN 10: Oldřich Svoboda ze # třídy nasbíral # * a Václav Lhotský ze # # * bylin .
  • NOUN 1: Poslední díla , která připravila Helena Lisická pro malé i velké čtenáře s názvem Z hradů , zámků a tvrzí a Z českých hradů , zámků a tvrzí , byla oceněna pražským nakladatelstvím Svoboda Výroční cenou za rok # za společensky angažovanou tvorbu .
• horách
  • PROPN 5: Hranice kamzičí oblasti v Lužických horách budou vytyčeny již letos , říká Josef Jirotka .
  • NOUN 2: Zlepšuje se vlivem slunce , na horách nebo u moře .
• Králík
  • PROPN 9: * Králík a * Vlková se účastní semináře pořádaného pro mladé pracovníky v ÚJČ .
  • NOUN 3: Králík je hlodavec , naučí se přijímat různá krmiva .
• Měsíce
  • PROPN 9: Proto střední délka Měsíce v systému efemeridy potřebuje jen nepatrnou korekci .
  • NOUN 4: Další taneční soubor Berjozka se zúčastní Měsíce československo - sovětského přátelství .
• Karpaty
  • PROPN 8: Úder přes Karpaty na Slovensko byl urychleně připraven ve velmi krátké době necelého týdne .
  • NOUN 1: Tyto události bezprostředně souvisely s úderem sovětské armády přes Karpaty na pomoc Slovenskému národnímu povstání .

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PROPN is 1.267254 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.180683).

The 1st highest number of forms (6) was observed with the lemma “hora”: Hora, hor, horami, hory, horách, horám.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “Honza”: Honza, Honzou, Honzovi, Honzové, Honzy.

The 3rd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “Jan”: Jan, Jana, Janem, Janovi, Janu.

PROPN occurs with 9 features: cs-feat/NameType (9676; 100% instances), cs-feat/Polarity (9676; 100% instances), cs-feat/Gender (9665; 100% instances), cs-feat/Number (7746; 80% instances), cs-feat/Case (7693; 80% instances), cs-feat/Animacy (5351; 55% instances), cs-feat/Abbr (1858; 19% instances), cs-feat/Foreign (37; 0% instances), cs-feat/Style (7; 0% instances)

PROPN occurs with 39 feature-value pairs: Abbr=Yes, Animacy=Anim, Animacy=Inan, Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Case=Voc, Foreign=Yes, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, NameType=Com, NameType=Com,Geo, NameType=Com,Giv, NameType=Com,Pro, NameType=Com,Sur, NameType=Geo, NameType=Geo,Giv, NameType=Geo,Oth, NameType=Geo,Sur, NameType=Giv, NameType=Giv,Oth, NameType=Giv,Pro, NameType=Giv,Sur, NameType=Nat, NameType=Nat,Sur, NameType=Oth, NameType=Pro, NameType=Pro,Sur, NameType=Sur, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Polarity=Pos, Style=Arch, Style=Coll, Style=Expr

PROPN occurs with 239 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|NameType=Sur|Number=Sing|Polarity=Pos (1574 tokens). Examples: Fučík, Erben, Horálek, Němec, Lenin, Záveský, Kraus, Huxley, Gottwald, Vávra

Relations

PROPN nodes are attached to their parents using 19 different relations: cs-dep/nmod (4198; 43% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (1503; 16% instances), cs-dep/conj (1329; 14% instances), cs-dep/flat (840; 9% instances), cs-dep/obl (757; 8% instances), cs-dep/obj (274; 3% instances), cs-dep/orphan (195; 2% instances), cs-dep/root (185; 2% instances), cs-dep/dep (162; 2% instances), cs-dep/appos (113; 1% instances), cs-dep/iobj (48; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj:pass (25; 0% instances), cs-dep/advcl (15; 0% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (12; 0% instances), cs-dep/flat:foreign (9; 0% instances), cs-dep/vocative (8; 0% instances), cs-dep/amod (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/cc (1; 0% instances), cs-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PROPN nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: NOUN (4160; 43% instances), PROPN (2604; 27% instances), VERB (2184; 23% instances), ADJ (395; 4% instances), ROOT (185; 2% instances), ADV (51; 1% instances), SYM (38; 0% instances), DET (19; 0% instances), PRON (19; 0% instances), NUM (17; 0% instances), ADP (2; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances)

3713 (38%) PROPN nodes are leaves.

3645 (38%) PROPN nodes have one child.

1477 (15%) PROPN nodes have two children.

841 (9%) PROPN nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PROPN node is 95.

Children of PROPN nodes are attached using 24 different relations: cs-dep/case (2257; 23% instances), cs-dep/nmod (1915; 19% instances), cs-dep/punct (1407; 14% instances), cs-dep/conj (1391; 14% instances), cs-dep/flat (841; 8% instances), cs-dep/amod (638; 6% instances), cs-dep/cc (577; 6% instances), cs-dep/advmod:emph (184; 2% instances), cs-dep/appos (179; 2% instances), cs-dep/acl (149; 1% instances), cs-dep/orphan (149; 1% instances), cs-dep/xcomp (63; 1% instances), cs-dep/dep (59; 1% instances), cs-dep/mark (46; 0% instances), cs-dep/nummod (34; 0% instances), cs-dep/det (32; 0% instances), cs-dep/flat:foreign (29; 0% instances), cs-dep/advmod (8; 0% instances), cs-dep/cop (8; 0% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/obl (7; 0% instances), cs-dep/obj (6; 0% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (5; 0% instances), cs-dep/nummod:gov (1; 0% instances)

Children of PROPN nodes belong to 15 different parts of speech: PROPN (2604; 26% instances), ADP (2242; 22% instances), PUNCT (1408; 14% instances), NOUN (1348; 13% instances), ADJ (695; 7% instances), CCONJ (596; 6% instances), SYM (575; 6% instances), ADV (162; 2% instances), VERB (158; 2% instances), NUM (55; 1% instances), DET (50; 1% instances), SCONJ (46; 0% instances), PART (40; 0% instances), AUX (8; 0% instances), PRON (5; 0% instances)

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PROPN in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]

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